In article the subtropical culture an olive is presented. The plant characteristic is given. The agrotechnology of cultivation of culture is in detail described.
Features of biology. A tree of an olive or olive European – durable (in the Nikitsky botanical garden are available 400 – 500-year copies and is more senior), evergreen, korneotpryskovy, 3-7 m, sometimes 10-12 m of height. In certain cases the trunk reaches 2 m in diameter, krone of a various form. Durability of a leaf of 2-3 years (valuable decorative quality). Flower oboyepoly. The most part of grades of olive samobesplodna, isn’t pollinated by own pollen. For receiving a good harvest it is necessary to land a minimum on two-three trees of each grade. Pollen at these plants easy, flying. It provides olive pollination by pollen transfer from a tree to a tree by means of a wind. A fruit – a stone fruit, yaytsevidny or oval, sometimes odnobochno the blown-up, 1-3 cm of length. Mesocarp juicy, oily, 2-8 mm of thickness. A fruit when maturing black, red, lilac, at some grades – white. The pulp makes 75-86 % from weight of a fruit.
Economic value and use. Value of olive European is caused by the high contents in its fruits of excellent non-drying olive oil. Use it in the perfumery, textile and food industry (for manufacturing of high-quality fish canned food). Fruits are protein-rich, pectins, sugars, vitamins: In, With, E, R-active katexinami, contain salts of potassium, phosphorus, iron and other elements. Fruits of olive use in food only in the processed look.
The olive is widely used as a food, technical, fodder, medicinal and ornamental plant (in kadochny culture, in gardening of the cities), for creation of wind-shelter strips. Plants are a good ameliorant on zaterrasirovanny hillsides more abruptly 10-12 °. They do the soil steady against washouts and sags that is very important in a suspension of landslides, an erosion of soils and useless dumping of water from a precipitation. The olive trees, being characterized durability and in capacity of root system, are capable to suspend a spontaneous situation in the Opolznevsky forest area.
However saplings of olive European, grown up in the state enterprise A pilot farm "Seaside" the Nikitsky botanical garden – National scientific center (pgt Partenit), often remain unclaimed. Grown up in containers, they are very convenient to disembarkation in forest areas of a South careful zone of the Crimea.
We suggest the enterprises of Reskomles of an autonomy to conclude contracts on cultivation of a landing material of olive European with A pilot farm "Seaside" and state of emergency "Eltop" (Yalta).
The olive genofund in the Nikitsky botanical garden – National scientific center (NBS-NNTs) is a valuable genbanok of Ukraine for theoretical basic researches.
Development shop NBS-NNTs preserves olive fruits without a preliminary ekstraktsiya of olive oil, how to do it everywhere in Europe that does them is more tasty, than traditional, bought in shop.
The genofund of olive NBS-NNTs includes novelties of the world selection which set replenishes thanks to continuous creative contacts to foreign colleagues and selection work of staff of department of the southern fruit crops. For 1998 its genofund made 231 grades and an elite selection form. In 2005-2007 the collection is presented 224 sortoformami. The selection fund made 900 forms. For the last 20 years of 12 new grades it is transferred to the state sortoizucheniye. From them one grade (Crimean Excellent) is included in the Register of grades of plants of Ukraine (1994). Four grades of selection NBS-NNTs (Nikitsky 1, Nikitsky 2, Nikitsky 3, Crimean 172) are zoned in Armenia and Turkmenistan.
Reproduction. Plants of olive European, multiplied vegetativno (rooting of root and stem shanks, an inoculation), start to fructify since five years, and multiplied by seeds – for the 10-12th year. Vegetative reproduction is used for an exchange of a genofund, by transfers of grades on a gossortoispytaniye, introductions in production in farms and on personal plots of a South careful zone of the Crimea. Seed reproduction practise in the selection purposes.
In the state enterprise A pilot farm "Seaside" NBS-NNTs and state of emergency "Eltop" (Yalta) is fulfilled technology of vegetative reproduction of olive. Plants of the best perspective grades with the closed root system realize Kornesobstvennye all-the-year-round. Age of a landing material – coevals and adults 5 – 7-year trees.
E.Shoferistov, S. Tsyupka, Nikitsky botanical garden – the National UAAN scientific center, department of the southern fruit crops, AR Crimea, Yalta, 38 (0654) 33-55-16, 8 050 673 53 71, an e-mail:.
N. Agaponov, Crimean mountain and wood research station (Alushta), Zavodskoy Lane 6/3, Alushta, AR Crimea, 38 (06560) 3-05-25 (N).
N. Kleshov, the state enterprise A pilot farm "Seaside", the Nikitsky botanical garden – National scientific center, pgt Partenit.
S.Dernovoy, Eltop Private enterprise, Yalta, AR Crimea, 38 (0654) 31-47-58 (About), 8 067 650 85 48.