To publications there is a speech about biodiesel fuel as about a non-polluting type of the fuel received from fats of a vegetative and animal origin, oil diesel fuel used for replacement.
Semenov
Ukraine treats the power scarce countries as covers the needs for fuel and energy resources only for 53 % (import 75 % of necessary volume of natural gas and 85 % of crude oil and oil products). Dependence on an import of oil is considered by the majority of developed countries as a question of national and power safety, and use of oil products as power sources bears in itself considerable ecological danger. Thus, dependence on an import of oil products the prices on which inevitably grow, and also considerable deterioration of an ecological situation stimulates intensive search of alternative power sources. Today for Ukraine there came time to develop own capacities for production of biodiesel fuel from renewable raw material resources.
Biodiesel fuel – the non-polluting type of biofuel received from fats of a vegetative and animal origin and used for replacement of oil diesel fuel (DT). From the chemical point of view the biodiesel engine represents a mix of methyl (ethyl) air of saturated and nonsaturated fat acids. Material balance of reaction of receiving biodiesel engine: for receiving 1000 kg (1136 l) a biodiesel engine 50 kW of thermal energy and 25 kW of the electric power, 1040 kg (1143 l) rape oil, 144 kg (114 l) 99,8 % of methanol, 19 kg of hydropotassium oxide (88 % the GAME), 6 kg of an auxiliary filtering material, 105 kg of water are necessary. Thus except a biodiesel engine about 200 kg of crude glycerin and 117 kg of water after biodiesel engine cleaning turn out. The biodiesel engine can be used in any diesel engines as is independent (in the adapted engines), and in a mix with diesel fuel, without modification of an engine design.
Let’s consider components of a source of raw materials for production of a biodiesel engine in Ukraine to which it is possible to carry: the oils received from seeds of maslosoderzhashchy plants, "multiraw materials" of meat-packing plants (fats of animals), frityurny fat, etc.
In view of experience of the European states, production of a biodiesel engine in Ukraine it is possible to organize on the following types of installations and plants: melkotonnazhny installations of 300 – 3000 tons/year (for farmers), regional (regional) plants of 10000 – 30000 tons/year, industrial plants of the state value of 50000 – 100000 tons/year.
According to The development program of production of biodiesel fuel for the period till 2010 Ukraine should make and consume more than 520 thousand t of biodiesel fuel that will demand in 2010 to provide gross collecting seeds of a rape about 1,7 – 1,8 million t. At productivity of a rape on the average 20 c/hectares are necessary to sow 0,85 – 0,9 million hectares of an arable land that makes about 3 % from total area (33,8 million hectares) arable lands of Ukraine. Replacement of a part of diesel fuel (1870 thousand tons/year) which consumes now agrarian and industrial complex of Ukraine, on biodiesel, will allow to provide agricultural machinery with binary biofuel of rational structure: 30 % of a biodiesel engine + 70 % of DT.
In areas of Ukraine the best conditions of cultivation of a rape: the winter – the Lvov, Ivano-Frankovsk, Ternopol, Hmelnitsky, Vinnytsia, Kiev, Rovnensky and Volynsk areas; the summer – the Kirovograd, Kiev, Cherkassk, Odessa, Kherson, Poltava, Chernigov, Sumy, Kharkov areas and the Crimea.
In the European Union countries production of a biodiesel engine has essential state support. In Germany biofuel isn’t assessed with ecological taxes, there is a system of dating of cultivation of a rape, in France the tax allowance makes 0,35 euros/litres biodiesel fuel, in Spain to the motorists using biofuel, the free intracity parking is resolved. As a whole across Europe of 1 liter of a biodiesel engine on 0,10 – 0,15 euros are cheaper, than diesel fuel. In Ukraine according to various data prime cost of 1 liter of a biodiesel engine makes from 2,2 to 3,0 UAH. Cost of biodiesel fuel depends on a number of factors: productivity of a rape, efficiency of use of straw and shrota, costs of chemical components (methanol and alkali), depths of processing of glyceric water, quality of engineering procedure of receiving biodiesel engine. Need of production of biodiesel fuel for Ukraine doesn’t raise doubts. In a number of foreign publications information that at carrying out comparative tests of diesel engines on diesel fuel and a biodiesel engine is noted any essential distinctions of behavior of the engine at change of a type of fuel that it is possible to explain high quality of tested biofuel which is provided with rigid requirements to its chemical motor-logic indicators put in national standards on biodiesel fuel contains. Therefore, for successful advance of a biodiesel engine in agrarian and industrial complex of Ukraine it is necessary to develop and approve state standards on a biodiesel engine and its binary mixes with diesel fuel. The first steps in this direction are made in NTU "HPI" (Kharkov).
Let’s briefly review influence of some physical and chemical indicators the biofuels defined by the European EN14214:2003 standard, on parameters of a diesel engine and its ekologo-operational characteristics. Increase, in comparison with diesel fuel, density for 10 % and kinematic viscosity in 1,5 times promote some increase (for 14 %) to a dalnoboynost of a fuel torch and diameter of drops of the sprayed fuel that can lead to the increased hit of biofuel on walls of the chamber of combustion and a cylinder sleeve. Smaller values of factor of compressibility of biofuel lead to increase in the valid corner of an advancing of injection of fuel and the maximum pressure in a nozzle. The high tsetanovy number of biofuel 51 and more promotes reduction of the period of a delay of ignition and less "rigid" work of a diesel engine. The temperature of flash of a biodiesel engine increased almost in 3 time in closed tigle 120oS and more, provides a high pozharobezopasnost. Oxygen (~10 %) in a molecule of methyl air operates in the following directions. Existence of an oxidizer directly in a molecule of fuel allows to intensify process of combustion and to provide more high temperature in the diesel engine cylinder that, on the one hand, promotes increase display and effective k.p.d. the engine, and with another – leads to some increase in oxide of nitrogen in the fulfilled gases. A smaller share of carbon (-77 %) in a molecule of a biodiesel engine leads to reduction of its lowest warmth of combustion by 13-15 % and increase hour and specific effective fuel consumption. Preservation of nominal parameters of the engine at transfer to a biodiesel engine needs readjustment of fuel equipment (an emphasis of a lath of the fuel pump of a high pressure reinstall on increase in cyclic supply of fuel). Application of biodiesel fuel allows to provide decrease in emissions of harmful substances with the fulfilled gases. At operation of diesel engines on biodiesel fuel it is necessary to pay attention to the following. Before the beginning of operation of the engine on a biodiesel engine it is necessary to wash out the filter of rough and thin purification of fuel. Because of the increased aggression of a biodiesel engine change of fuel hoses and laying on made of a material steady against biofuel, and also careful removal of the biodiesel fuel which has got on paint and varnish coverings is required. In certain cases more frequent change of engine oil because of possible dilution of a biodiesel engine getting to it is required. Some increase in noise level and a dymnost is possible at cold start-up, at the lowered temperatures application of depressorny additives is required. It is necessary to carry out control of the content of water in a biodiesel engine (because of its big hygroscopicity) to avoid danger of development of microorganisms, formation of peroxides and corrosive attack of water, including on elements of fuel equipment.
Thus, production and biodiesel engine application in Ukraine will allow to resolve radically ekologo-power problems of economy of our state.
On Avtodvor newspaper materials.