The agrometereologichesky characteristic of the summer period of 2007 is provided in article. Predecessors, ways of processing of the soil, applied fertilizers are specified. Recommendations about optimum terms of crops, to norms of seeding, depth of seal of seeds are besides made.
Predecessors
The agrometeorological characteristic of the summer period of 2007 and conditions for sowing of the winter
Last part of summer differed very hot and dry weather. Since 2nd decade of May, average decade air temperatures were constantly higher than norm on 1-6 0S. Abnormally hot there was a July. The maximum temperature according to a meteorological station reached +39,6 0S that exceeded an absolute maximum, 39,3 0S, noted in 1971. The number of days with temperature 30 0S and above, during the summer period made 53 days, for 25 days there is more than average long-term. Dry winds were observed for 49 days that for 30 days there is more than norm.
Economic and useful precipitation (from 16 to 32 mm) dropped out in places in the first half of June and in the first decade of August. Against the raised temperature mode, intensive sukhoveyny activity this precipitation only softened influence of adverse conditions, without filling up moisture stocks in the soil. The period without economic and useful rains lasted 1,5 months from June 18 to August 2.
For the first decade of August moisture stocks in the soil make, on the average, in an arable layer of 9 mm, at meter 48 mm and are estimated by the insufficient. Moistening of a meter layer closely to long-term, but is twice worse than the last year’s.
Conditions for soil preparation under crops winter develop extremely adversely.
September is expected droughty. Loss of a precipitation probably in the second half of October.
Predecessors
Well-known that the cheapest, available and effective remedy of rational use of moisture and nutrients, regulations of a contamination of crops and the contents them with the minimum number of wreckers and diseases – scientifically reasonable alternation of cultures. The winter grain are cultivated in the republic on the considerable areas on various predecessors. Best of them – pure and busy pairs, then propashny, sternevy, krestotsvetny.
Under our conditions on a waterless valley a limiting factor of growth and development of field cultures is moisture. First of all, value of the predecessor is determined by availability of moisture in the soil. Stocks of available moisture in a meter layer of earth before crops (average long-term data) on various predecessors aren’t identical and average: on black steam – 70,1, on taken (winter z / mixes) – 51,2, on propashny – 43,1 mm. (including on sunflower – 19,5), on an eddish – 41,1 mm.
Availability of moisture not only in meter, but also in arable, sowing layers matters. In adverse years on moistening only on pairs receiving amicable timely shoots is guaranteed.
In years when the summer drought smoothly passes in autumn and the sowing layer dries up even on steam fields, enough insignificant precipitation that moisture "incorporated".
On not steam predecessors, due to the lack of moisture in the soil, emergence of shoots is tightened, sometimes for quite long period and therefore crops turn out izrezhenny and neraskustivshiesya since autumn.
The second factor defining level of a crop and its quality, availability of nutrients in the soil, in particular nitrogen is. On their existence on the first place there are steam fields.
The third factor influencing productivity, were and there are weed plants, wreckers and diseases. Their number is substantially regulated by the correct alternation of cultures, and then application of chemical methods of protection.
According to the APP Crimean institute, productivity winter grain in the second rotation of a stationary crop rotation made: winter wheat on pure steam-52,7; on the occupied – 43,5; on corn on a green forage – 35,0 c/hectares. As good predecessors are considered leguminous (peas, nut, a soya) as they are an additional source of nitrogen, krestotsvetny (the rape, mustard) – improve a fytosanitory condition of crop rotations.
It is extremely undesirable to sow winter wheat on sternevy predecessors and on sunflower. These predecessors it is better to leave under crops of winter barley.
When scheduling crops of winter crops it is very important to reconsider once again a set of previous cultures available in everyone economy, to choose the most optimum and to construct at least a korotkorotatsionny crop rotation.
Soil processing
The areas planned under crops of winter crops should be pure from weeds and have the leveled melkokomkovaty surface. Carefully cut, melkokomkovaty surface of a field accumulates moisture of an insignificant precipitation and even grew also fogs. The best conditions for germination of seeds develop, when soil units of a sowing layer on the sizes come nearer to the size of seeds.
Processing pure and busy parov is necessary for carrying out in process of emergence of weeds, without allowing their development, as the recommended depth of loosening in the second half of summer no more than 6-8 see. Processing of steam fields is better for carrying out caterpillar, instead of wheel tractors with shirokozakhvatny units.
If steam fields because of untimely processing grew with weeds, and their specific structure is presented by perennials (a sow-thistle pink, the bitterling creeping, a bindweed field, etc.), application of machining for their destruction will demand increase in their quantity and depth (to 10-14 cm). Such processings lead to a siccation not only a sowing but also arable layer of earth. Therefore on such fields it is recommended to apply all-destructive herbicides.
The most part of the winter grain takes place on not steam predecessors. On all fields which are intended under crops winter a postharvest lushcheniye to be spent at the same time with cleaning or next day. Thus in the soil moisture remains, weeds are destroyed, their seeds and fruit drop are closed up, conditions of carrying out further machining of the soil improve.
Processing is carried out generally by heavy disk harrows BDT-7, BDVP-4,2, BDVP-6,3, etc. After cleaning of late propashny cultures processing by disk tools on a diagonal is carried out, and then it is possible to apply heavy cultivators KPE-3,8, KRG-3,6, KTS-10-1 or ploskorezy KPSh-5, KPSh-9, and also AKP-2,5, AKP-5. Depth of processing of the soil depends on its density, availability of moisture and a contamination.
In order that a sowing layer to finish to a melkokomkovaty condition, processing is carried out in two directions, not less than two times. The Melkokomkovaty surface plays a role of a mulching layer thanks to which moisture stocks in deep layers remain, conditions for germination of seeds of weeds and fruit drop which are destroyed by the subsequent processings are created.
Preseeding cultivation is carried out by steam cultivators in day or a day before crops on depth of seal of seeds, i.e. on 6-8 see. The problem of preseeding cultivation to level and condense a sowing bed that will ensure amicable shoots.
Important element in all actions for preparation of the soil to crops is not only timeliness of their carrying out, but also quality. All tools applied to preparation of the soil, should be adjusted on identical depth, have ostrozatocheny working bodies, work without flaws (with overlapping).
Application of fertilizers
High and steady grain yields of cultures can be received only at the high standard of farming providing application of all complex of agroactions in which the leading place belongs to fertilizers. Natural fertility of soils of the Crimea can’t provide stably big crop of grain crops without application of fertilizers, especially on irrigated lands as at an irrigation the need of crops for elements of a mineral food sharply increases.
At productivity of winter wheat of 55-60 c/hectares carrying out of nutrients reaches 160-180 kg/hectares of nitrogen, 60-80 kg/hectares of phosphorus and 150-170 kg/hectares of potassium. Not to allow decrease in soil fertility, the amount of brought fertilizers should compensate their consumption by plants (nitrogen at least – 90 %, phosphorus of-100 % and potassium – 80 %). If deficiency of potassium is imperceptible because of sufficient security of soils of the Crimea with this element, deficiency of nitrogen and, especially, phosphorus are one of the factors limiting grain yields and other crops.
In detailed studying of doses of mineral fertilizers against introduction 20 Ô./hectare manure in the conditions of a waterless valley of a steppe zone of the Crimea were engaged on skilled fields of the APP UAAN Crimean institute since 1974. These researches showed that at cultivation of winter wheat on pure steam mineral fertilizers didn’t render considerable influence on productivity, however promoted increase of the content in gluten grain.
For winter wheat on MVS corn on busy steam an optimum dose is N45P45 introduction on active ingredient. Higher doses of fertilizers promoted increase in crops both winter wheat, and winter barley, only in years with a good vlagoobespechennost. In the conditions of a drought high doses of fertilizers often lead to decrease in a grain yield, at the expense of an izrastaniye of plants and a fast siccation of a korneobitayemy layer of earth.
Researches on terms of the application of fertilizers, carried out in the conditions of a steppe and foothill part of the Crimea, showed on an insignificant difference in productivity at introduction of all dose of fertilizers under the main processing of the soil or under preseeding cultivation, in comparison with fractional introduction.
It is important to provide an optimum level of a food of plants throughout the entire period of vegetation. During the early period of development winter need the strengthened phosphoric food and slightly less in the nitric. With the advent of 2-3 leaves and, especially, at the beginning of a kushcheniye the need for nitrogen increases.
For providing winter mobile phosphorus it is necessary, at average and good security of the soil with this element, to bring at P10-12 crops that gives an increase of a crop of 1,5-3,0 c/hectares.
Under favorable conditions of moistening, on well well-groomed pure pairs, during the spring and autumn period more than 120 kg of nitrogen, at the expense of action of soil microorganisms can collect. In such cases it is enough to bring at crops of 10-12 kg. of century of phosphorus.
The most cruel drought of the spring-and-summer period observed on the most part of the Crimea, caused suppression in the soil of such important processes, as a nitrification and a symbiotic azotfiksatsiya as at deficiency of moisture soil microorganisms don’t breed. Therefore at carrying out sowing winter on the crop’s eve of 2008 it is necessary to consider this circumstance and to introduce under preseeding processing of the soil nitric fertilizers in number of 35-40 kg. of century even on steam sites.
Higher doses of mineral nitrogen brought since autumn, can lead to decrease in winter hardiness of the winter. In farms where as organic fertilizer the crushed straw of grain crops was used, and at its seal mineral nitrogen wasn’t brought, to recommended norm of nitrogen (N35-40) it is necessary to add nitrogen at the rate of 8-10 kg on of century on straw ton. If it not to consider, microorganisms at a mineralization of straw will use soil stocks of mineral nitrogen, and plants will have its deficiency.
For more effective use of mineral fertilizers it is necessary to conduct agrochemical survey. Application of fertilizers without indicators of existence of basic elements of a food in the soil can lead to excessive costs of means of fertilizers and their introduction. So, the brought nitrogen at low stocks of mobile phosphorus (less than 1,5-2 mg on 100 g of the soil) won’t be used by plants.
At application of fertilizers it is necessary to consider carrying out of nutritious elements by the main and collateral production and efficiency of fertilizers. Winter crops from mineral fertilizers use on the average: 40-50 % of nitrogen, 20-25 % of phosphorus and 60-70 % – potassium. It is by practical consideration established that at existence in the soil more than 30 mg on 100 g of the soil of mobile potassium in additional introduction of this element aren’t present need.
Researches of the last years showed high efficiency of microcells. A number of preparations in a helatny form, with the maintenance of a set of microcells, it now is issued: REAKOM to Cherkassy, "AKVARIN" Buysky plant (Russia), Nutrivant plus Kiev. These preparations use when processing seeds and as not root podkormok. Their application leads to more complete assimilation by plants of nutrients, increase of crops of crops (for 10-30 %), to decrease to 30 % of an expense of protravitel when processing seeds, and to 30 % of an expense fungicidov because of increase of immunity of plants and their stability to low and high temperatures.
At the APP UAAN Crimean institute studying of complex Akvarin-5 fertilizer on winter wheat and winter barley was carried out. At one processing of crops in a phase of the beginning of an exit in a tube the increase of productivity made on winter wheat of a grade of Selyank 1,5, and at two processings in exit phases in a tube and kolosheniye – 3,7 c/hectares (at productivity without processing of 42,8 c/hectares). Similar processings on winter barley of a grade Onega increased productivity in the first case on 1,7 and at two processings on 3,3, at productivity on control option of 55,1 c/hectares. Costs of introduction of a preparation of "Akvarin" at two processings made only 80 UAH/hectares.
Terms of sowing, norm of seeding, depth of seal of seeds
Timely crops guarantee receiving the amicable, well developed shoots, in many respects define winter hardiness and, finally, cause stability of a crop and its quality.
By results of researches of the last years by scientists of the Crimean institute of agroindustrial production crops in optimum are recommended and are admissible late terms. Early terms of crops of the winter are undesirable for a number of reasons.
Successful development and crop of the winter depends first of all on safe rewintering of plants, and winter hardiness is defined by phasic development and extent of their training. Vozrastno the young yarovizatsiya which have not finished a stage of a plant well winter. Early crops under favorable conditions of their growth and development up the time of approach of low temperatures appear stadiyno older and have smaller resilience to frosts. Early poseyanny seeds to the dry soil up the time of sufficient moistening lose vsxozhest, grow mouldy. The outgrown plants of early terms of sowing considerably are damaged by the Giessen and Swedish flies, lozhnoprovolochnik, and also a bacteriosis, a rust. Time which is available before optimum term of sowing, it is necessary to use as much as possible not only for the purpose of soil cutting to a melkokomkovaty condition, but for the purpose of more elimination of weeds.
For today in the republic calendar terms of sowing of winter crops are accepted: admissible with 20.09 till 20.10 and optimum from October 1 to October 10. The given calendar terms are necessary for correcting annually taking into account developing weather conditions – a vlagoobespechennost and a thermal mode as optimum they happen not more often three years from ten.
We recommend to begin crops in optimum calendar terms when the arable layer of earth contains about 20 mm of moisture available to plants. At dry and hot weather when in an arable layer less than 20 mm of productive moisture, crops of the winter should be postponed till the period when the daily average temperature of the soil will go down till 12-14 0S. It is necessary to sow either in damp, or to the dry soil. It is impossible to sow to the semi-damp soil on so-called "provocative" moisture (less than 10-15 mm of productive moisture in an arable layer).
Since 2006 at the APP Crimean institute put experiments on influence of terms of sowing on productivity of winter wheat and winter barley. In table 1 average results for 2 years (2006-2007) are presented.
Table 1.
Productivity of winter crops depending on sowing terms
Because two years the most severe drought in the autumn was noted, the first term of crops dated for October 10 and the last carried out in a month – on November 10. At crops in it is admissible late terms on October 15 and 24 received a crop rather high and winter wheat and winter barley. Crops in obviously late term (and it is known that many still sow in the first decade of November) lowered a crop of winter wheat on 6,1, and winter barley on 6,8 c/hectares, in 2006 g this difference was much more – 16,2 and 12,1 c/hectares, respectively. Crops of late terms don’t manage to take roots, save up enough of carbohydrates, therefore leave winter izrezhenny, weakened, lag behind in growth and development, considerably to a lesser extent compete with weeds in comparison with crops of optimum and admissible terms of sowing.
Important reception of an agrotechnology is the norm of seeding, it is established depending on the characteristic of soils (on carbonate chernozems the norm of seeding of winter wheat can be lowered to 4,5 million, and on solonetzic and light-chestnut soils the quantity of sowed seeds should be finished to 5,5 million/hectares), predecessors (on pure pairs it is enough to sow 4,5-5 million vskhozhy grains, on not steam, especially on fields littered, increase norm of seeding to 5,5-6 million). At crops after optimum terms the norm of seeding should be increased also to 6 million. Optimum norm of seeding of winter barley of 3,5-4,5 million vskhozhy grains at its calculation on hectare, are guided by the same rules, as at establishment of norm of seeding of winter wheat.
Not less depth of seal of seeds has importance. In practice it was necessary to observe sickly weak crops winter on carefully cut field, poseyanny in optimum terms, but with deep seal of seeds. To close up seeds it is necessary in a damp layer of earth, but limiting depth of seal of seeds of winter wheat should be 6-8 cm, and winter barley – 4-6 see. Deep seal detains emergence of shoots and approach of a phase of a kushcheniye, reduces completeness of shoots of vyseyanny seeds. Small seal which serves as the reason of disjointed, izrezhenny shoots is undesirable also and can cause subsequently a vymerzaniye and blowing of crops.
It is necessary to correct depth of seal depending on the soil characteristic: on soils solonetzic, inclined to a zaplyvaniye and consolidation with heavy mechanical structure depth of seal smaller – 4-5 cm, on the southern malogumusny chernozems, on chestnut soils standard – 6-7 see. Depth of seal of seeds decreases at crops after optimum terms and at crops by seeds with low absolute weight. Droughty weather conditions of 2007 promoted formation of fine, puny grain of the winter grain. The mass of 1000 grains of melkosemenny grades of winter barley makes 28-30 gr., krupnosemyanny 30-34 gr., winter wheat – 32-38 gr. This circumstance demands special attention to depth of seal of seeds in the conditions of this year. Seeds with weight 1000 to 30 gr. it is recommended to sow on depth no more than 4 see.
Depth and uniformity of seal of seeds to the soil depends not only on quality of preparation of the soil, but also substantially, from adjustment, a technical condition and speed of movement of seyalochny units.
The high-quality structure recommended for winter sowing
The high-quality structure of winter wheat and winter barley very various to prefer what grade? High potential of a crop grades known to the agricultural producer under our conditions possess: Victoria, Nikoniya, Selyanka, Outpost, Krasunya. From the grades zoned in recent years: Kuyalnik, Kiry, Dalnitsky, Lyon, Poshan, Pisanka.
Most unpretentious of zoned for our zone are grades: Odessa 267, Lyubava, Imagination. Them it is possible to have on satisfactory predecessors, they slightly react to a deviation from optimum term of sowing.
Kiry, Poshan’s grade, Lyon treat high-intensity type and are recommended for cultivation on intensive technology.
Good results under our conditions give grades of the Kherson selection Kherson bezosty, the Dryad.
The grade belongs to the ultraearly – Znakhidka, early are – the Imagination, Nikoniya, the Prima Odessa. Luzanovka, Strumok, Victoria, Selyanka, Lyubava a little later ripens. The most late-ripening treat Odessa 267, the Ukrainian Odessa.
For wheat cultivation in a mix with Wicca it is possible to recommend bezosty grades for a green forage: Luzanovka, Outpost, Prima, Dalnitsky.
In extreme conditions of this year productivity on pure steam of 48,2-50 c/hectares grades of winter wheat Victoria Odessa, Lyon created, Kiry, Pisanka, the Outpost Odessa and Kuyalnik. On MVS corn the greatest productivity (40,5-41,5 c/hectares) is noted on grades – Lada Odessa, Poshana, Lyon, Kiry.
According to an ecological sortoispytaniye of 2007 productivity of grades Ogonkovsky, Rising, the Snow-storm, Zimovy, depending on predecessors, made from 50 to 61,4 c/hectares.
The zoned grades of winter barley conditionally are subdivided on typically winter and grades – the two-handles, capable to form a crop, as at crops in the autumn, and in the spring. For our conditions grades created on Crimean GSXOS (the Snow-storm, Rising, Onega, Ogonkovsky) are the most adapted. They have high winter hardiness, drought-resistant, quickly grow at damage by spring frosts. The earliest are Ogonkovsky and Rising, in droughty years they manage to leave from a fuse and to create a big crop. At grade cultivation in SPK "Semisotka" of the Lenin area annual excess of its productivity over a grade the Cyclone makes Rising from 9 to 24 c/hectares.
In winters with frequent thaw when several times during the winter renewal of vegetation winter is noted, the highest efficiency grades – two-handles differ. These are grades of selection of SGI: Rossava, Basis, Taman which are familiar for a long time to the Crimean producer, and zoned in recent years – the Native, Worthy. New grades differ in high potential of productivity – to 90 c/hectares, practically not polegayut, possess high drought resistance and complex stability to diseases.
For the best use of natural factors and potential of grades it is expedient to grow up 2-3 grades of each culture of various groups of ripeness. For the agricultural producers who are engaged in cultivation of winter barley it is desirable to have two grades: winter and the two-handle, that under any conditions of rewintering to receive stably big crop.
Preparation of seeds for crops
The increase in the areas under crops of grain grains of cultures, violation of technology of cultivation, change of hydrothermal conditions in vegetation promotes formation of the raised stock of an infection on fields. First of all, it is growth of golovnevy diseases, increase of a fuzariozny infection, pyatnistost. Two last years are celebrated existence root gnily that promoted by soft winter, at first dry then damp weather, violation of crop rotations, damage of crops in low temperatures.
In a current vegetative season hydrothermal conditions didn’t favor to infection of an ear of the winter. In the majority of crops of winter crops in farms of the republic there were no obvious signs of defeat of an ear. However it is necessary to consider existence of a soil infection.
The main source of an infection are the remains of the struck plants, the soil and the infected seeds. Seeds become nevskhozhy, lose the value, as a seed material at strong infection. Even at weak infection energy of germination decreases, there is a delay of emergence of shoots and development of plants, an izrezhennost of crops, in communication with what sharply decreases not only a crop, and and its quality. Seeds of winter grain crops constantly bear high infectious loading of mushrooms activators root gnily, firm and dusty golovni, septorioza , etc. In the autumn crops of winter grain crops can be surprised root gnilyami, septoriozy (defeat of shoots, and after leaves), a brown rust, rinkhosporiozy. Thus, it is necessary to pickle all seeds of the winter crops intended for sowing.
Now an assessment of seeds on contamination dusty the heads a method of approbation of seed crops. The mushroom dusty golovni can develop in all fabrics of a seed, but increase of its injuriousness is caused by temperature and humidity of air during flowering, duration of the period of flowering. Therefore extent of defeat of seed crops dusty the heads reflects quantity of the infected seeds. There can be cases when seed crops, konditsionny on dusty golovne (under approbation acts), give the seed material which seeding will lead next year to considerable yield losses. Thus, the aprobatsionny method allows to characterize a porazhennost dusty the heads of seeds, but not a crop received from these seeds.
Protravlivaniye of seeds – the most harmless and economic reception of protection of seeds, sprouts and shoots from seed and soil infections. It promotes improvement of rewintering of plants in the conditions of the long and adverse autumn and winter period. Disinfecting of seeds of winter crops, reception, as a rule, profitable, allowing to keep to 12 % of a crop and more. Depending on crop and preparation cost, payback of a protravlivaniye in a grain equivalent makes from 0,4 to 3,8 c/hectares of grain.
In recent years the range of protravitel of seeds constantly replenishes. Majority of preparations system, wide range of action. The success of a protravlivaniye directly depends on a right choice of a preparation – a protravitel.
In fight against golovnevy diseases all preparations registered on cultures are effective. However they differ by biological efficiency. Therefore for original and elite seeds the most effective preparations providing stably high effect are recommended. To that are carried: bajtan versatile person, item page (2 kg/t), vitavaks 200FF, 34 % v.s.k. (2,5-3 l/t), vincit, 5 % k.s. (2 l/t), vincit forte, k.s. (1,1 l/t), bag of 8 FLO, k.s. (1,5½/t), kinto DUO, since (2,5 l/t), lamador, k.s. (0,2 l/t), etc. Preparations are effective as well others registered for application on winter crops, however, because of small amount of active ingredient in a preparation, imperfection of protravochny cars and quite often poor-quality preparation of seeds for sowing (aren’t released from a dust and dirt) to achieve high disinfecting effect it is not obviously possible. Biological efficiency of suppression golovni at a protravlivaniye of seeds should be not lower than 97 % that in crops the illness wasn’t shown.
It is necessary to mean that protravitel don’t cause decrease field vsxozhesti if recommendations about their application are observed. Decrease in norm of an expense of preparations is fraught with essential falling of their biological efficiency and unprofitability of application.
One of the main problems for plant growing is low field vsxozhest seeds. On the considerable areas the winter go to winter izrezhenny, and some till spring perish. Ability of seeds a progressive tense to save up vsxozhest at adverse soil climatic conditions depends not only on harvesting terms, and and from travmirovaniye level during the harvesting and preparation of seeds for crops. As show laboratory analyses, the travmirovaniye of grain grains of cultures fluctuates from 7 to 52 %.
The main danger that the injured sowing material in vitro can give good vsxozhest, but in field conditions it sharply decreases. The injured seeds give weak sprouts which in the course of vegetation drop out, it leads to an izrezhennost of crops or to low efficiency of plants. That the pathogenic microflora, wreckers which live in the soil didn’t get into places of microcracks, seeds disinfect, and to the best fixing of protravitel on seeds apply film-forming regulators of growth (PORR Mars-EL, "Pendant"). These preparations reliably protect seeds at long stay in adverse conditions in swelling and emergence of sprouts thanks to what density of shoots raises, the content of sugars in knots of a kushcheniye of winter crops before leaving in winter that favors to winter hardiness increase. Presence of polymeric connections as clamps of components of preparations, promotes the best fixing fungicidov round a seed for the long period. This way provides avoidance of losses protective stimulating substances from a surface of seeds, allows to reduce quantity of expenses for acquisition of protravitel by 40 %, to protect seeds from mechanical damages and penetration of soil pathogens. Besides, has stimulating effect on growth and development winter grain at the first stages of their development.
Technical ensuring autumn sowing
For a postharvest lushcheniye of the soil shirokozakhvatny disk hoeing plows LDG-10, LDG-15, disk harrows BD-10, BDT-3, BDT-7, BDVP-4,2, BDVP-6,3, BPPR-4,2 "Frigate" are used, etc. The Odessaselmash plant offers farms the forged disk harrow BDN-2,6 aggregated with tractors of a class 1,4 (MTZ, YuMZ).
High-quality seal of an eddish, cutting of weeds are provided by the five-case lemeshny hoeing plows which are let out by the Simferopol RMZ and Belogorsky RTP which are aggregated with class 1,4 tractors. At depth of processing of 12-18 cm the consumption of diesel fuel doesn’t exceed 12 l/hectares.
The heavy disk harrows listed above are applied to soil preparation under winter after propashny predecessors, as a rule. In the absence of the vegetative remains on fields with undersized weeds it is recommended to process the soil on 8-10 see. It is possible to apply cultivators KPE-3,8, KTS-10-1, KSG-5B, KSSh-5 and others in the unit with zubovy harrows and annulate shporovymi skating rinks with simultaneous finishing of the soil to a melkokomkovaty condition. With the same purpose it is expedient to apply the combined units of the type AKP-2,5, AKP-5, AKT-4, etc., allowing for one pass to pave the way under crops. The combined units 2BIG-3+3KKSh-6, LDG-6+3kksh-6 are applied to separate finishing of the glybisty soil to a preseeding condition, annulate shporovye skating rinks KTP-7,8, etc.
When using for the main processing of the soil of cultivators-ploskorezov (KPSh-5, KPSh-9, etc.) it is expedient to equip them with gear knifes.
Crops grain in the Crimea are carried out, generally domestic seeders of the Kirovograd plant Red star. Widely applied seeders C3-3,6 for increase in productivity link in units from 2-3 seeders. New shirokozakhvatny seeder C3-5,4 is aggregated with class 1,4 tractors. For a droughty zone, including and farms of the Crimea, updating of seeder C3-5,4-06 which is completed with pressing skating rinks (instead of earlier let out zernopressovy seeder SZP-3,6) is worthy.
Depth of seal of seeds to the soil and uniformity of their distribution depends not only on quality of preparation of the soil, but also substantially from adjustment, a technical condition and speed of movement of seyalochny units.
According to the APP Crimean institute, use of faulty seeders (lack of semyaotrazhatel, wear of bearings of a soshnik, etc.) and as the increased speeds of movement of sowing units lead to a deterioration from 10 to 40 % (table 2).
Table 2.
Distribution of a sowing material in the soil depending on speed of movement of the seyalochny unit (seeder C3-3,6) and a technical condition of soshnik, as a percentage (%)
Thus, working speed of seeder C3-3,6 shouldn’t exceed 8 km/h.
In recent years large agricultural producers use shirokozakhvatny pneumatic seeder SZPTs-12 (Dnepropetrovsk is issued Yuzhmash plant) with the centralized dispensing of seeds "Agrotekh" offers farms a pneumatic seeder in width of capture 6m. These seeders are aggregated according to class 3 and 1,4 tractors, provide more high efficiency at simultaneous decrease in labor costs. They are completed with the electronic watching devices, excluding possible pro-sowings.
Instead of the tryokhseyalochny unit the Kirovograd plant developed seeder C3-10,8. Its application saves 30-40 % of fuel for 1 hectare, reduces width of a rotary strip in 2 times, allows to provide transition from transport into position one machine operator. Hitches of skating rinks ZKKSh-6 are applied to a prikatyvaniye of crops, ZKH-6A, and also modern annulate shporovyj skating rink KTP-7,8 in which skating rinks unite a hitch in the unit in width of capture of 7,8 m to class 1,4 tractors.
Recommendations are prepared by scientists of the Crimean IAPP UAAN:
Century Pashtetsky, the director of the Crimean institute of agroindustrial production of UAAN, L.Radchenko, the deputy director for scientific work, K.Zhenchenko, the senior research associate of laboratory of agriculture, E.Remeslo, the senior research associate of laboratory of plant growing and a kormoproizvodstvo, O. Tomashova managing laboratory of agriculture, the Village Salyga, the senior research associate of laboratory of mechanization, N. Saenko, the senior research associate of laboratory of agriculture, O.Zhuk, the senior research associate of department of selection, primary and elite seed farming, T.Kozlov, Agrometeostantsiya’s chief "Klepinino".