In article biological features of flax olive are described. Also the agrotechnology of cultivation of this culture is given in a steppe zone of Ukraine.
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Flax olive – an annual olive and commercial crop. Such biological features as the short vegetative period and drought resistance, do it by the culture suitable for cultivation in Ukraine, especially on the Crimean peninsula. Linen oil – the main raw materials for production of drying oil, varnishes, linoleum. Besides it use and in the food industry.
Biological features. Seeds of flax sprout at temperature 3-40S. Shoots appear at 60S. Also maintain spring frosts to – 60S. During vegetation flax olive isn’t exacting to heat, but in maturing, for the best naliva grains, the requirement to it increases.
Flax olive is more drought-resistant, than flax a dolgunets, but less than cereal cultures. The root system of flax olive leaves on depth on the average to meter and a little more, branching of lateral roots – 60-70 see. Characteristic of development of root system of flax consists in the following. Growth of its roots deep into proceeds almost till the end of plant life while at the majority of summer cultures formation of root system by the flowering beginning practically stops. Up the time of flax flowering its main root reaches about 70-75 % of the full length and it will grow till the end of vegetation. It allows flax plants to consume after flowering moisture from deeper layers of earth, than in the first half of development. Besides, the root system of flax olive possesses high soaking-up ability: after cleaning of a number of summer olive cultures in a meter layer of earth there are 13-17 % of moisture, after cleaning of flax olive only 9-10 %.
Flax olive well grows on chernozem and chestnut soils, from time immemorial it cultivated on different soils of the Crimean peninsula.
Predecessors. The best predecessors for flax are winter and summer grain, zlakobobovy, long-term bean herbs, bakhchevy. The main requirement to the predecessor – purity of fields from weeds. Flax crops on the following cultures – sunflower, a soya, a castor-bean tree and its repeated crops (return on a former place of crops not earlier, than in 6-8 years) aren’t allowed.
Flax olive rather early culture, it early releases a field and is the good predecessor under winter – on soil preparation under the last remains about three months. There is an opinion that flax as the predecessor under winter, doesn’t concede to peas.
Soil preparation. The main preparation of the soil depends on predecessors and degree of their contamination. In connection with considerable distribution not only annual, but also long-term kornevishchny and korneotpryskovy weeds (the especially malicious: pink, the bitterling creeping, a birch field, etc.) after cleaning of previous culture before the main processing of the soil level-by-level loosening by heavy disk tools or shirokozakhvatny ploskorezami is necessary to carry out a sow-thistle. The first processing carry out at the same time or after cleaning of the predecessor on 6-8 cm subsequent, in process of emergence of weeds, with increase in depth till 10-12 see.
The main processing of the soil carry out in September-October on depth to 30 see. It can be plowing by plows with predpluzhnik (with obligatory cutting of svalny and razvalny furrows) or ploskorezny loosening by ploskorezami-glubokorykhlitel. The field under flax is desirable also since autumn to cut heavy disk harrows or cultivators KPE-Z, 8 (tools, in the presence of a choice, steal up depending on extent of dyeing of the soil, from its humidity).
The responsible period in technology of cultivation of flax is all complex of spring and field works. In the spring, when maturing the soil, cut since autumn zyab cultivate steam cultivators on depth of seal of seeds – to 6 see Nevyravnennuyu since autumn, glybisty zyab as an exception, cultivate twice. The main task of early-spring processings – the maximum alignment of the soil, destruction of wintering and early summer weeds, moisture preservation. Soil preparation since autumn, including the main processing of the soil, early-spring cultivations, should it is carried out in due time and with high quality. Each subsequent processing is carried out across or on a diagonal in relation to previous with observance of the set depth, adjacent overlappings, without flaws etc.
Fertilizers. Flax more all consumes from the nitrogen soil, it is a little less than potassium and phosphorus. During the first period of life of a plant consume nitrogen and potassium more, in a butonizatsiya – formations of seeds need in phosphorus-potassium fertilizers increases. Posteffect of organic fertilizers positively affects a flax crop brought under previous culture. The best term of introduction of mineral fertilizers is introduction under the main processing of the soil. If the main processing of the soil carry out ploskorezami, fertilizers close up previously disk harrows. A recommended dose of mineral fertilizers for soils of a steppe part of the Crimea of N45R60. Preseeding introduction of difficult fertilizers, type nitrofoski in a dose of 50 kg/hectares gives a considerable increase of a crop. Nitric and phosphoric fertilizers are brought in a complex as introduction of one nitrogen can lead to development of plants, decrease in a maslichnost of seeds.
Crops. Flax – culture of early term of sowing. The best time of its crops at the same time or after crops of the early grain – summer barley, oats. Early crops use moisture saved up for the autumn and winter period better, are less damaged by linen flea beetles and other wreckers.
Norm of seeding of flax of olive 30-40 kg/hectares of vskhozhy seeds. It depends on terms and ways of crops. At early terms minimum (the crop will be formed at the expense of increase in boxes and quantity of seeds in them). At delay with crops of N of century increases (productivity in the bigger
degrees will depend on density of crops). Depending on a contamination of a field, availability of herbicides and equipment flax sow in the ordinary way with width of row-spacings of 15 cm (N of century – 30-35 kg/hectares) or shirokoryadny, with row-spacings – 45 cm (N of century of 25-30 kg/hectares). Seeds for 2-Z before crops surely pickle day vitavaksy, norm of 2,0-2,5 l/t. Depth of seal of seeds 3-4 see Prikatyvaniye annulate shporovymi skating rinks – obligatory.
Care of crops. Care of crops of flax consists in fight against weed vegetation and wreckers, especially in an initial phase of its development.
To fight against weeds widely apply herbicides (a choice rather wide), on shirokoryadny crops interrow processings combine with application of herbicides. Flax plants the most resistant to effect of herbicides in the phase "fir-trees", at height 8-10 see. Against wreckers, after thresholds of their harm, also apply spraying by chemical preparations.
Cleaning. Cleaning start, when seeds gain the typical yellow color, have about 25 % of humidity, lag behind from peregorodochek and "rustle" in boxes when stirring.
To clean flax it is possible both separate way, and a direct kombaynirovaniye. Both ways have the positive and negative sides. The choice of a way of cleaning depends on a number of factors: way of crops, ripeness, contamination, equipment existence.
After cleaning seeds of flax are necessary for clearing immediately, if necessary to dry. Humidity of seeds at storage of 10-11 %.
K.Zhenchenko, manager. APP zemledeliyakrymsky institute laboratories.