In the publication the characteristic of conditions of the current year is given, features of processing of the soil, application of fertilizers, protravitel of grain, technology of sowing depending on a soil condition locate a place in a crop rotation. The high-quality structure grain with the description of their features is offered.
UKRAINIAN ACADEMY of AGRARIAN SCIENCES
Weather conditions, most likely, will develop current autumn not quite favorably for sowing winter.
From second decade of June the considerable shortage of a precipitation is observed. For this period, according to Klepinino’s agrometeorological station, a precipitation dropped out 31 mm or 34 % of norm.
Distribution of a precipitation on the republic was non-uniform: from 30 to 70 mm that makes 37-86 % of norm. Duration of the period without economic and useful rains (10 mm and more), for the 2nd decade of August, makes 67 days. The first and second decades of this month differed sharply raised (on 3-40 above long-term) a temperature mode. The maximum air temperature raised to 38,50.
There were very bad conditions for moisture accumulation in the soil. For the 2nd decade of August stocks of productive moisture in an arable layer made on couple of 12 mm, on not steam predecessors of 4 mm. Sowing layer almost dry. Such moistening of the soil is estimated as bad. The meter layer of earth contains 49-101 mm of productive moisture that is close to long-term stocks.
Hot and dry weather remained all August. Moisture stocks at the end of the 3rd decade of August – the beginning of the first decade of September considerably replenished.
For expired period a productive precipitation dropped out in all without an exception areas – from 15 mm in Simfepolsky to 57 mm in Dzhankoysky areas.
Now it is important to farmers not to be late with carrying out necessary agrotechnological measures for moisture preservation in the soil and to its further accumulation.
On a long-term forecast in September the temperature below norm is expected, a precipitation there is more than norm. In October and November the temperature within norm, and a precipitation is less than norm.
PLACE OF WINTER GRAIN CROPS IN THE CROP ROTATION
Basis of the organization of field husbandry, irrespective of a managing form, there is a crop rotation. It is the agriculture base on which the system of processing of the soil is based, application of fertilizers, action for land reclamation and protection of cultivated cultures from weeds, wreckers and diseases, and the soil – from different types of an erosion. The crop rotation gives the chance to use rationally means of production and the earth, more effectively to organize agricultural works.
In droughty conditions of the Crimea the best predecessor of winter wheat – pure steam (tab. 1). The main value it in our droughty zone – the guaranteed receiving high on volume and quality of crops in any on a vlagoobespechennost years. Advantages of black steam consist in the best, in comparison with other predecessors, security of plants during all vegetation by moisture and nutrients, mainly nitrogen.
Table 1. Productivity of winter wheat after various predecessors, c/hectare (on the average in 9-12 years of researches)
The good predecessor for winter wheat and the occupied steam. Its value is defined by the occupying cultures, best of which winter bean and cereals and rape and cereal mixes on a green forage, esparcet on one hay crop. Early releasing a field, they leave to winter wheat unused moisture and nutrients. The earlier the parozanimayushchy culture is cleaned, the it is possible to receive a crop of high-quality grain of winter wheat above.
Along with busy pairs good predecessors it is possible to call krestotsvetny. They improve a fytosanitory condition of an arable land, reduce a porazhayemost of grain grains of cultures root gnilyami and other diseases.
Not steam – corn and sunflower, because of later terms of cleaning and a strong siccation, in predecessors of winter wheat we do not recommend.
Sternevye predecessors, owing to unilateral carrying out of nutrients, fast reproduction of wreckers and diseases, reduce, as a rule, wheat grain yield, it turns out low quality.
FEATURES OF PROCESSING OF THE SOIL UNDER WINTER GRAIN CROPS
The most important link in technology of cultivation of winter crops – soil processing with components timeliness and quality.
In time from cleaning of the predecessor before crops in a sowing layer of earth it is necessary to save up enough of moisture necessary for timely emergence of shoots and their good development by autumn. It is proved that for receiving timely and amicable shoots, and also their further rooting, it is necessary, that in 20 cm a layer about 25-30 mm of moisture available to plants contained. At such moistening shoots depend on an autumn precipitation a little. At vlagozapasax the majority of seeds sprouts less than 15 mm, but shoots happen non-uniform and if in a consequence there will be no precipitation, the condition of these crops will worsen.
The best condition for germination and starting growth of the winter – a sowing layer consists of units which in the sizes coincide with the size of seeds. The cut soil allows to put seeds on the leveled, condensed, damp bed and to cover them with a melkokomkovaty layer which provides an open entry of air to seeds and amicable emergence of shoots.
For more careful cutting of the soil, finishing it to a melkokomkovaty condition it is necessary to adhere to the following rules. Here main of them:
– not to be late with cleaning of the predecessor and as soon as possible to release a field.
– in parallel with cleaning of the predecessor it is necessary to conduct soil processing by disk tools, then to introduce fertilizers (mineral and organic) and to carry out the main processing.
– during the period from the main processing of the soil before crops winter the field is necessary for containing in pure from weeds and fruit drop a condition. Shoots of fruit drop and weeds involve many types of wreckers, on them causative agents of diseases develop: brown rust, mealy dew, septorioza, etc.
Depth of the main processing depends on features of the predecessor, weather conditions, humidity and density of the soil, a contamination of a field and duration of the period from cleaning of the predecessor before crops of the winter.
The main of obrabotkacherny steam consists of a disking and plowing on 20-22 cm on fields where high degree of a contamination is noted by long-term weeds, and also at introduction of organic fertilizers. If fields are littered so-so and the organic chemistry wasn’t brought, it is possible to be limited to ploskorezny processing of the soil on 20-22 cm or even on 12-14 see. Cultivations on depth of 8-10 cm for the purpose of fight against weeds and a soil crust in the spring are carried out.
After taken parov technology of processing a bit different. Right after cleaning of parozanimayushchy culture a field process disk tools on depth 8-10 see. It gives the chance to reduce drying of the top layer of earth through biological capillaries and to improve quality of the subsequent processings.
On strongly littered fields and at introduction of organic fertilizers it is necessary to carry out otvalny plowing on depth of 20-22 cm a plow in the unit with annulate shporovym a skating rink with the subsequent cultivation.
At an insignificant contamination it is better to carry out superficial or small processings of the soil on depth till 10-12 see. The subsequent processings level a field surface, weeds are destroyed, the modular structure of the soil improves.
On not steam and sternevy predshestvennikamobrabotka of the soil the following: right after cleaning of the predecessor it is carried out lushcheny eddishes by disk harrows and small or superficial processing by cultivators-ploskorezami. Thus, with increase in density of the soil and decrease in its humidity, the choice of the tool is displaced from ploskorezov to disk harrows and depth of processing decreases from 12-14 till 8-10 see.
APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS
Experience of steppe agriculture with all persuasiveness shows that one of effective receptions of increase of productivity of crops is rational use of fertilizers. Taking into account not washing type of soils of the Crimea and deep level of a zaleganiye of the ground waters excluding their movement in the top korneobitayemy layers of earth, all settlement norm of mineral fertilizers it is better to bring under the main processing of the soil or under preseeding cultivation as winter shoots-kushcheniye during the period consume to 50 % of elements of a mineral food.
The absolute weight of grain and the general crop depend on security of plants with phosphorus at this stage number of grains in an ear. Especially important in these terms to introduce phosphoric fertilizers. Phosphorus of superphosphate is well absorbed by the soil owing to what it moves poorly and fixed in that layer of earth where fertilizer is introduced. To introduce phosphoric fertilizers it is necessary at existence in the soil of its mobile forms less than 3 mg on 100 g of the soil. If this element over 3 mg, winter don’t react to introduction of phosphoric fertilizers, on such soils under winter crops it is enough to bring with crops of 10 kg/hectares of active ingredient on bogare and 20 kg/hectares on irrigated lands.
Long-term researches of the APP Crimean institute on studying of doses of introduction of mineral fertilizers under winter crops showed that in the conditions of a waterless valley of the steppe Crimea after well well-groomed pure steam it is enough to bring at crops of 10 kg of of century of phosphorus.
Optimum doses of mineral fertilizers at introduction after busy steam – 45 kg of of century of nitrogen and 60 kg of of century of phosphorus. More their high doses didn’t give positive economic effect.
Under winter barley which is, as a rule, sowed on the sternevy predecessor, the dose of introduction of mineral fertilizers is necessary for increasing to 60 kg of of century of nitrogen and 90 kg of of century of phosphorus. when leaving under winter crops of straw on each its ton it is necessary to bring over settlement norm of 10-15 kg of active ingredient of nitrogen.
The main way of application of fertilizers – continuous razbrosny, thus efficiency is higher than them at uniform distribution. For achievement of relative uniformity rasseva fertilizers (a deviation from the set norm ±25 %) the spreader of type 1-RMG-4 should work with width of capture of 6-7 m that twice less factory recommendations. Such decline of productivity of the tool is justified and it is expedient. And most effectively to introduce fertilizers seeders that allows to reduce introduction of a dose of nitric fertilizers by 15 kg of of century with 60 to 45 kg and to receive an identical crop of winter crops.
As soils of the Crimea are well provided with mobile potassium, introduction of this element doesn’t give a positive effect.
In the conditions of an irrigation where deficiency of soil moisture is excluded, application of fertilizers on the planned crop’s eve possibly. By results of agrochemical inspection of fields according to the contents in the soil of forms of nitrogen available to plants, phosphorus and potassium the need for these fertilizers on the planned crop’s eve is determined by the following formula (a VIUA method and VNIIS, advanced I.S.Shatilov and M.K.Kayumovym)
(100 x In) – (30 x P x Kp)
D=————————————
Ku x With
where D-a fertilizer dose in physical weight, c/hectare;
In – carrying out with a crop the main and collateral production, kg/hectare;
30-constant factor for recalculation of nutrients and mg in kg/hectare.;
P-the contents in the soil of mobile forms of a nutritious element, mg on 100 g of the soil;
Kp-efficiency of a nutritious element from the soil, %;
Ku – efficiency of a nutritious element from mineral fertilizers, %;
With – the maintenance of a nutritious element in mineral fertilizer, %.
Average values of the maintenance of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium determine by cartograms of agrochemical inspection.
In the absence of cartograms of the contents in the soil of hydrolyzed nitrogen it is possible to be guided by average values for concrete type of soils. For the southern chernozems this indicator in an arable layer of earth makes 6-10 mg on 100 g of the soil. For definition of carrying out of nutrients in a crop of winter wheat and winter barley it is possible to use average values: with the corresponding amount of straw and polovy these cultures submit for formation of 1 c of grain with a crop from the soil of 3-3,5 kg of nitrogen, 1-1,3 kg of phosphorus and 2-3 kg of potassium.
Efficiency of nutrients winter crops makes of mineral fertilizers: nitrogen of 40-50 %, phosphorus – 20-25 and potassium – 60-70 %.
For definition of a dose of fertilizers in physical weight do the corresponding recalculation taking into account the content of active ingredient in fertilizer. The balance and settlement method yields good results when planning average crops.
The all-important role lives of plants is played by microcells. It is established that pine forest, manganese, copper and zinc stimulate movement of the carbohydrates which were formed in leaves in spare bodies. These elements increase drought resistance and winter hardiness of the winter. Processing of seeds by solutions of microcells accelerates passing of a stage of a yarovizatsiya that positively affects stability of plants to action of high temperatures and a lack of moisture.
Definition of the maintenance of microcells in soils of the Crimea showed that their contents changes both on soil types, and within regions. So, the content of manganese in soils of the steppe Crimea fluctuates within 300-500 mg on 1 kg of the soil that is quite enough for plants. Soils are well provided with pine forest and nickel, but weakly zinc, cobalt, copper and molybdenum that such it is necessary to consider at definition of level of a mineral food.
Thus, only at scientifically reasonable approach to conditions of a mineral food winter, it is possible to count on receiving a big crop with its high indicators on quality with an invariable condition – preservations of level of fertility of the soil.
TO PROTRAVLIVANY ALTERNATIVES ARE NOT PRESENT
In recent years volumes of a protravlivaniye of seeds of winter crops in the Crimea were considerably reduced, the fytosanitory situation as a result worsened. First of all, it is growth of golovnevy diseases, increase of a fuzariozny infection, pyatnistost. And in two last years the increase root gnily that promoted by soft winter, violation of crop rotations, damage of plants in low temperatures is noted.
The main source of an infection – the remains of the struck plants and the soil. The infected seeds become nevskhozhy, or them vsxozhest low. Even at weak infection energy of germination decreases, there is a delay of emergence of shoots and development of plants, an izrezhennost of crops in this connection sharply decreases not only a crop, and and its quality.
Seeds of winter crops are surprised many mushroom pathogens, manifestation and which influence are very various. Some of activators can develop at storage, reducing sowing qualities of seeds.
Activators dusty and firm golovni the grain remain and transferred by the seeds, some activators firm golovni remain in the soil.
Except golovnevy threat to the grain is represented by the pathogens causing change of coloring, a plesneveniye, rotting of seeds. These pathogens striking seeds, are capable to cause the root decayed or to accompany this disease and to collect in the soil.
Gelmintosporiuma, fuzariumy, septoriozy are transferred by seeds and the vegetative remains of sick plants.
Infection source septorioza wheat can be seeds, the vegetative remains of sick plants. In seeds activators of a yellow rust of cereals, mealy dew can develop.
Thus, considering that as the main source of an infection the begun to argue seeds, a protravlivaniye of seeds – only an effective way of restriction of injuriousness of diseases serve. Protraviteli start to development of healthy plants. No other way of protection provides such payback and ecological safety, as a protravlivaniye.
In recent years the range of protravitel of seeds constantly replenishes. Majority of preparations system, wide range of action. The success of a protravlivaniye directly depends on a right choice of a preparation – a protravitel.
According to the Crimean institute of agroindustrial production (KIAPP), (an average for 2 years) density of plants before leaving in winter in options with preparations of Vitavaks of 200 FF (2,5-3,0 l/t), Sumi of 8 FLO (1,5 l/t), Real (0,2 l/t) was the highest by experience and made 445,462, 475 and 432 pieces/sq.m, respectively. And before cleaning the greatest number of plants on 1 sq.m is received in options with preparations of Vitavaks of 200 FF (434-454 pieces/sq.m), Sumi of 8 FLO (462 pieces/sq.m) and Vintsit (446 pieces/sq.m). All preparations have 100 % protective effect from a pathogen firm golovni. In options with Vitavaksom of 200 FF, the Dividend it is old, Real completely there was no development dusty golovni whereas in other options development of an illness made 0,1-0,2 % (control – 1,5 %).
The greatest increase of a crop was received in options with Vitavaksom of 200 FF, Sumi of 8 FLO and the Dividend is old – 3,7; 3,0 t of 3,2 c/hectares, respectively.
For protection of shoots of winter grain crops against the grain ground beetle from chemical means of protection of plants preference it is necessary to give toksikatsiya of seeds insecticides (BI-58 and its analogs). This reception is effective against a wide range of wreckers in a zone of germination of seeds.
SOWING OF WINTER GRAIN CROPS
Sowing terms in technology of cultivation of the winter grain have crucial importance in crop formation. Winter wheat forms the greatest productivity when plants well cluster in the autumn, forming on 3-5 stalks and central roots. In the republic calendar terms of sowing of winter crops are accepted: the optimum – on October 1-10, admissible – 20.09. – 20.10.
The given calendar terms are necessary for correcting annually taking into account weather conditions – a vlagoobespechennost and a thermal mode. At good vlagozapasax a sowing and arable layer of earth the main indicator for definition of terms of the beginning of sowing is daily average air temperature for the last 10 days – 15-16os. If at this time there is a dry hot weather, and the arable layer of earth contains less than 20 mm of productive moisture, sowing of winter crops should be postponed till the period when the daily average temperature of the soil will go down to 12-140C.
It is possible to call a serious mistake of specialists of agrotechnical service early, especially at a sufficient vlagoobespechennost of an irrigation layer, sowing of winter grain crops. Emergence of sprouts in early terms usually leads (on September 10-15) to herbage development, considerable decrease to 30-40 % of frost resistance, increase in damageability diseases of cereal cultures.
Crops are necessary for beginning on not steam predecessors. First of all are sowed plastic to terms of sowing of a grade which react to them less.
Due to insufficient vlagozapasami a sowing and arable layer of earth almost annually there is a question of expediency of sowing after optimum terms. Long-term researches testify that at crops for some days after optimum terms, but to the damp soil, productivity doesn’t decrease that is caused by more amicable and uniform shoots, smaller damage by wreckers and diseases. Crops before optimum terms are admissible on not steam predecessors if in a sowing layer moisture for receiving shoots, and also crops winter on the fodder purposes suffices.
Terms of sowing are of great importance for development of harmful organisms. At its early terms cereal flies, plant louses, cicadas, winter scoops, diseases who then pass to plants, poseyanny in optimum terms excessively develop.
For one other culture terms of sowing have no such importance, as for winter barley. In comparison with winter wheat it should be vyseyan during shorter period, in the middle of optimum terms of crops winter.
The main way of sowing of winter grain crops – usual ordinary crops with width of row-spacings 15 see.
In the Crimea the optimum norm of seeding for grades of winter wheat in optimum terms considered 4,5-5,0, and winter barley of 3,5-4,0 million vskhozhy seeds on 1 hectare. At a delay of a sowing campaign and at crops to the dry soil the norm of seeding should be increased by 15-20 % since late ascended plants aren’t in time raskustitsya and form, as a rule, one productive stalk. At crops before optimum terms it is impossible to reduce norm of seeding, since these crops happen more littered, are more strongly damaged by diseases and wreckers.
In zagushchenny crops favorable conditions for development of activators of a rust, septorioza are created, mealy dew and on the contrary, conditions for a laying of eggs of flies, flea beetles, a pililshchik worsen, and izrezhenny crops are favorable for wreckers and are a little favorable for development of mushroom diseases. It should be considered when planning actions for protection of plants.
Optimum depth of seal of seeds of winter crops in the Crimea is considered 5-6 see. However, at crops to the dry soil on chestnut loams, the southern and carbonate chernozems depth of crops should be increased to 7 see. On soils solonetzic, inclined to a zaplyvaniye and consolidation, with heavy mechanical structure, seeds should be closed up on depth 5 see. At crops on irrigated lands and after optimum terms depth of seal of seeds should be no more than 4-5 see.
Depth of seal of seeds to the soil and uniformity of their distribution depends not only on quality of preparation of the soil, but also substantially from adjustment, a technical condition and speed of movement of seyalochny units.
THE HIGH-QUALITY STRUCTURE RECOMMENDED FOR WINTER SOWING
For receiving stably big crops of crops along with receptions of an agrotechnology it is necessary to pay attention to the correct selection of grades. Highly productive qualitatively valuable, a constant sortoobnovleniye and sortosmena productivity and quality of crops will allow to increase use.
Selection achievements of the last years allowed to increase considerably the range of grades of all crops which have been included in Derzhavny reyestr sortiv roslin, pridatny for poshirennya in Ukra§n i”. However, not each of them, even recommended for a steppe zone, can give a big crop under our conditions.
In the conditions of AR Crimea the following grades are recommended for cultivation:
Winter soft wheat.
The Crimea – a zone of cultivation of quality winter wheat therefore, for receiving grain not below the 3rd class it is recommended to sow strong and superstrong grades of winter wheat. High potential grades under our conditions possess: Victoria, Nikoniya, Selyanka, Lyubava, Krasunya, from grades zoned in recent years: Kuyalnik, Kiry, Dalnitsky, Lyon, Poshan, Pisanka.
Most unpretentious of zoned for our zone grades proved to be: Odessa 267, Lyubava, Imagination. Them it is possible to have on the worst predecessors, they slightly react to a deviation from optimum term of sowing.
Kiry, Poshan’s grade, Lyon treat high-intensity type and are recommended for cultivation on intensive technology.
The majority of grades are universal and treat semi-intensive type. They can be grown up on the best and worst predecessors.
Grades grown up in farms should differ on time of maturing and other signs that will allow to avoid tension when cleaning, yield losses at plumose, to exclude thus deterioration of grain and seeds.
Good results under our conditions give grades of the Kherson selection – Kherson bezosty, the Dryad.
Znakhidk’s grade belongs to the ultraearly, to early – the Imagination, Nikoniya, the Prima Odessa. Luzanovka, Strumok, Victoria, Selyanka, Lyubava a little later ripens. The most late-ripening treat Odessa 267, the Ukrainian Odessa.
For wheat cultivation in a mix with Wicca it is possible to recommend bezosty grades for a green forage: Luzanovka, Outpost, Prima, Dalnitsky.
Winter firm wheat.
The great value has production of high-quality grain of firm wheat. Under favorable conditions its best grades provide productivity to 60 c/hectares and high quality of grain.
From studied by us the most highly productive we will call grades: Scarlet sail, Dolphin and Loguna. They differ high drought resistance, stability to the main diseases. Quality of grain of these grades meets all requirements of a standard to grain of the premiums.
The obligatory requirement for receiving big crops of firm wheat - crops on the best predecessors and in optimum terms.
Winter barley.
The most fruitful winter culture in our region is winter barley. Zoned its grades conditionally are subdivided on typically winter and grades – the two-handles, capable to form a crop as at crops in the autumn, and in the spring. The grades created on Crimean GSXOS (the Snow-storm, Rising, Onega, Ogonkovsky) are most adapted for our conditions. They winter-hardy, drought-resistant, quickly grow at damage by spring frosts. The earliest – Ogonkovsky and Rising, in droughty years they manage to leave from a fuse and to create a big crop. At grade cultivation in SPK "Semisotka" of the Lenin area annual excess it over a grade the Cyclone makes Rising from 9 to 24 c/hectares.
In winters with frequent thaw when several times during the winter renewal of vegetation winter is noted, the highest efficiency grades – two-handles differ. These are grades of selection of SGI: Rossava, Basis, Taman which are familiar for a long time to the Crimean producer, and new - the Native, Worthy. New grades differ in high potential of productivity – to 90 c/hectares, practically not polegayut, possess high drought resistance and complex stability to diseases.
To the agricultural producers who are engaged in cultivation of winter barley, it is desirable to have two grades: winter and the two-handle, that under any conditions of rewintering to receive stably big crop.
High return of a grade can be reached only properly having prepared seeds.
Their uniformity and krupnost are considered as important indicators of quality of seeds. From seeds with high mass of 1000 grains receive the good and amicable shoots steadier against adverse weather conditions and less surprised by diseases and wreckers. Crops of these seeds give more big crop. If to sow badly sorted seeds, productivity will decrease for 10-12 %.
Great value for obtaining high productivity have vsxozhest and energy of germination of seeds. From seeds with lowered vsxozhestyu and weak energy of germination shoots turn out disjointed, izrezhenny and weakened. Experiences show that the seeds which have sprouted in the first 3-4 days give for 30-38 % above the productivity, sprouted after the 7th day reduce productivity to 28 %.
Some production workers consider that low vsxozhest seeds it is possible to compensate increase in norm of seeding. By experiences it is proved that at crops by seeds with lowered vsxozhestyu and energy of germination, despite increase in norm of seeding, productivity will be much lower, than at crops by konditsionny seeds at usual norm.
And here still that is very important, to save seeds it travmirovaniye. Vsxozhest the injured decreases more than for 15-20 %. Such seeds at storage easily are surprised mushroom and bacterial diseases and are damaged by various wreckers.
The APP UAAN Crimean institute and its pilot farm realizes grades of winter crops:
Winter barley:
Rising – elite
Onega – elite
Onega – Ireprodukciya
Winter wheat:
The Kherson bezosty – elite
Odessa 267 – elite
Kiriya – elite
The Dalnitsky – elite
Lyon – elite
The dryad – Ireprodukciya
Poshana – Ireprodukciya
Concerning realization to address: 97010, AR Crimea, Krasnogvardeysky area, Klepinino’s page, ph./fax (06556) 7-63-22, 7-63-90, 2-30-96