The staff of Institute of Grapes and Magarach Wine Rogatchyov N. S., the candidate of agricultural sciences and Ilyukhin V. V. developed and offer for introduction in production Methodical recommendations of cultivation of tobacco sortotipov Amerikan and Dyubek in the Crimea.
I argue:
Because fruit crops froze we suggest you to be engaged in tobacco cultivation.
Features of culture of tobacco.
Tobacco – a technical crop – is grown up for receiving a crop of the leaves containing narcotic substance nicotine, and used by the person for smoking.
The agrotechnology of tobacco should be directed on cultivation of the greatest weight of quality leaves, i.e. having inherent in this grade color, the taste, pleasant aroma, combustibility and other qualitative signs. These valuable properties of a tobacco leaf are formed in the course of growth of a plant and are defined by an applied agrotechnology. Violations of agrotechnical rules lead not only to fall of a crop of tobacco, but also to deterioration of properties of tobacco raw materials.
Tobacco has very small seeds giving weak shoots, not capable to break through on a soil surface at crops in soil. Owing to this feature tobacco is grown up as transfer culture.
Tobacco seeds vyseivayutsya in hotbeds early in the spring, and the grown-up sprouts change in soil when passes danger of frosts. Cultivation of sprouts of tobacco lasts 45-60 days.
Tobacco lands in soil ryadka, with row-spacings from 50 to 90 cm and density of standing from 10 to 50 cm, depending on size of leaves of this grade. Grades demand Melkolistnye big density, than krupnolistny.
Field care of growing tobacco consists in carrying out system of the agrotechnical actions directed on receiving a big crop of leaves and formation of valuable internal properties of tobacco raw materials.
In 50-55 days after disembarkation in soil maturing of leaves of tobacco begins. It occurs not at the same time, and on circles, since the bottom, older leaves. Maturing of top leaves begins in 50-60 days after maturing bottom owing to what harvesting of tobacco lasts more than three months, depending on a grade.
In 60-80 days after disembarkation in soil tobacco blossoms. The plant of tobacco spends many plastic substances for creation of an inflorescence that leads to reduction of weight of leaves and deterioration of their quality. Not to allow losses of plastic substances necessary for leaves, inflorescences of tobacco delete at the beginning of their education. This agrotechnical reception of removal of inflorescences is called as a vershkovaniye.
Formation of inflorescences at plants occurs not at the same time and consequently a vershkovaniye carry out to two terms.
Plants of tobacco give to Vershkovannye numerous lateral blossoming escapes which also leave. This reception is called as a pasynkovaniye. It is carried out also to 2-3 terms.
After cleaning from a field mature leaves of tobacco pass preprocessing: a nanizyvaniye on cords, languor, drying, an otvolazhivaniye, sorting and a tyukovka.
The sorted tobacco in bales goes on fermentative plants for a fermentation.
After a fermentation the tobacco raw materials arrive on tobacco factories where from it prepare various tobacco products: cigarets, cigarets, smoking and pipe tobacco.
Depending on the contents in leaves of tobacco of aromatic substances of a grade of tobacco are divided on skeletal and aromatic.
Skeletal grades have no special aroma and are used as bulk – "skeleton" of tobacco products to which add aromatic grades. Skeletal grades of tobacco treat: Trapezond, Ostrolist, Virzhiniya, Berley and others, and also separate grades sortotipa Amerikan at cultivation on rich soils.
Leaves of aromatic grades of tobacco contain the special chemicals giving to them a peculiar, inherent aroma for this grade. Thanks to existence of such aroma, these grades are especially appreciated and when manufacturing tobacco products are added to skeletal tobacco for giving of aroma by it. Aromatic grades of tobacco treat: Dyubek, Samsun and Amerikan.
N. ROGATCHYOV, candidate of agricultural sciences, V. ILYUKHIN, Grapes and Magarach Wine institute.