In a material of the scientist from Institute of a grain farm of UAAN it is a question of effective ways of preseeding preparation of seeds of winter grain crops, including incrustation of seeds.
Productivity of winter wheat, winter barley, tritikale considerably is defined by quality of seeds and their preseeding preparation
Productivity of winter wheat, winter barley, tritikale considerably is defined by quality of seeds and their preseeding preparation. At specialized seed plants seeds pass a difficult technological chain of preseeding preparation. By a predrying them lead up to standard konditsionny humidity, clear of the beaten, puny and underdeveloped grains which are quite often carriers of an infection. The dry seed material at standard (14 %-y) humidity can be stored a progressive tense in warehouses. Endogenny rest of seeds is caused by such properties of their germ as morphological and anatomic underdevelopment, and also from influence of inhibitors, the phenolic connections, braking germ development.
To eliminate action of a physiological braking mechanism of development of a germ it is possible, using influence of the chemical compounds increasing its rostovy activity and ability of fabrics to pass through itself oxygen and water. Action of these connections is eliminated by means of the water, special substances (gibberilinovy acid) or the soil at optimum humidity at which in small amounts there are RRR.
The major factors influencing germination of seeds in cultivated soils, the temperature mode and water potential are. At first, before sprout, seeds absorb a certain quantity of water which they absorb from the soil with force in 100 atmospheres. But in order that germination process began, it is necessary for them to create optimum conditions of moistening and a favorable temperature mode. Therefore preseeding preparation of seeds is necessary. After all in an initial stage of development optimum concentration of nutrients of the soil solution being in an available form, in particular, of microcells, RRR (regulators of growth of plants), and already then and mobile forms of phosphorus is necessary to sprouts.
The majority of domestic grades of winter wheat on a complex of economic and valuable signs doesn’t concede import, and often and surpasses them. However, than they seriously concede offered in the market foreign firms to grades so it is sowing qualities of seeds. All sowed seeds are characterized by high energy of germination and vsxozhestyu, and therefore usually give more viable plants and naturally more big crop of grain. Therefore we recommend and at us along with a protravlivaniye to carry out artificial enrichment of seeds before seeding them to the soil nutrients macro – microcells processing of RRR which accelerate growth and development of plants.
Preseeding processing of seeds doesn’t demand big expenses of a hand labor, but, during too time, rather well improves sowing qualities of seeds, is easily entered in technology of cultivation of winter grain crops and, finally, increases efficiency it agrocenozov. Seeds of winter wheat should have high high-quality purity, typicalness and energy of germination (90 % aren’t lower), vsxozhest (not less than 92 %) to be the otkalibrovanny, pickled, processed microcells and growth factors. It is necessary to put the protective film preventing an osypaniye from a seed material of inlaying components on a surface of seeds. Grades should be approved and zoned.
Special value for observance of technical quality of preseeding preparation of seeds is nowadays given to decrease in a contamination of a sowing material by a dust and a grain trifle. Such regularity is noted: the more a dust and a grain trifle is present at a sowing material, the more protravitel is absorbed by these particles owing to what, it in smaller quantity arrives to a desirable scene of action – to grain.
It is known that between laboratory and field vsxozhestyu there is a big gap. At cultivation of winter wheat on intensive technology field vsxozhest should make 80-90 %. But usually in field conditions it, in most cases, hardly reaches 65-70 %, and therefore at crops it is necessary to overestimate norm of seeding of seeds by 25-30 %, in comparison with the settlement.
Seeds are necessary for protecting from causative agents of diseases and wreckers beforehand or directly ahead of seeding to the soil, having processed them protravitel. In order to avoid the latent (internal) bacterial infection, sow only healthy, qualitative (high-grade, large, leveled) seeds. They should be characterized by high stability (immunnost) or endurance (tolerance) to causative agents of diseases.
Very often activators of the majority of diseases are transferred and extend together with seeds. Therefore seeding to the soil of the infected seeds leads to further development of diseases. For the purpose of prevention of defeat of sprouts of wheat by diseases, seeds before seeding to the soil pickle fungicidami, and for protection of shoots against wreckers – process protravitel of insecticidal action. Preseeding processing is urged to reduce influence of these factors on seeds and to protect them from infections, and also to stimulate initial growth of sprouts. Therefore disinfecting of seeds of wheat from wreckers and causative agents of diseases by their processing by protravitel is today the main and obligatory operation in a complex of preparation of seeds to crops.
Now some tens methods of preliminary preseeding processing of seeds are developed by protravitel. Them treats: protravlivaniye pesticides (protravitel) in the various ways (dry, moist etc.).
Vyseyannye the high-quality pickled seeds of wheat can week and more be in the moist soil and still to give good shoots when there will be for this purpose appropriate weather conditions. Seeds beforehand prepared and processed by different preparations a progressive tense will be protected in the soil from defeat by various pathogenic microorganisms and diseases.
Results of phytopathologic researches testify that every year the infections suffered through seeds, the soil and air, become more and more widespread. It is caused by extensive type of managing, violation of crop rotations, simplification of technology of cultivation etc. For application against them in Ukraine the wide range of protravitel of seeds of winter wheat is registered. All of them system or contact and system action, contain one active ingredient or treat the category combined which structure includes two-three, and sometimes and bigger amount of active ingredients. It is caused by that to wheat crops the big damage is caused by many soil wreckers and causative agents of various diseases.
It is necessary to note that at all pluses of a protravlivaniye of seeds fungicidami two essential shortcomings are noted. The first is connected with emergence on sprouts of visible signs of oppression of shoots. In option with the pickled seeds shoots usually appear for 3-5 days later, than when seeding the raw seeds. The second is connected with that such processings also have many shortcomings, main from which are a high osypayemost of preparations from a surface of seeds and a pyleniye.
As it was already noted above, processing of seeds before crops by protravitel in the recommended doses carry out dry, moist or wet in the ways. Each of them has the shortcomings. After a dry and moist protravlivaniye protravitel from a surface of seeds are strongly showered. And a namachivaniye of seeds in solutions – trudoyomky process. Besides, this operation causes swelling of grains that naturally leads to decrease in their flowability, and it has important value when sowing. Besides the long namachivaniye of seeds in the prepared solution demands additional drying. Nowadays also it is offered to use and technology of "penetration", i.e. impregnation of seeds before seeding to the soil by means of vacuum biologically active substances. In this technology the principle of preliminary pumping of air from all microscopic cavities of seeds, and then return to a place of the pumped-out air of solution of substances with the set properties is used.
It is necessary to note also that in initial growth phases of a plant are extremely sensitive to action of a protravitel. In this case, processing of seeds before crops by physiologically active substances (phytohormones) allows to lower stressful load of a protravitel of a sprout, is directed to influence the initial stages of implementation of the genetic program of life cycle of plants. That is why it is necessary to process seeds not only protravitel, but also phytohormones.
Now the range of these preparations very wide and various (agrostimulin, agate-25 K, Baikal EM-1U, betastimulin, a bioglobin, vermisty, vitagran, the water extracts received from sprouting seeds, gumisol, gumistar, gumisol-super, gumigran-2, ale-1, emisty With, ivin, oksigumat, fumar, fumaran, zeastimulin, potejtin, radosty, lignogumat, torfofit, terrasty, treptoly, umeks, Radostim-phytohymin 5050R (0,001 % of century of river are used in low concentration, usually). Along with them started to use for carrying out an inokulyatsiya the most widespread microbiological preparations (polimiksobakterin, kleps-7 etc.) . Nowadays in the world over 4,5 thousand natural and synthetic RRR are registered. According to the list of agrochemicals and the pesticides resolved for use in Ukraine, from them Goskhimkomisiyey Ukrainy 58 RRR which are brought in the List of the preparations resolved for application in agroindustrial production are registered only. Along with RRR for preseeding processing of seeds use also microcells, in particular those from them which mobile forms contain in the soil in a minimum.
In recent years production of microfertilizers in Ukraine was considerably reduced, and therefore the foreign firms making microfertilizers on a basis kompleksonatov of metals, started to fill the Ukrainian market actively. Nowadays on the market the wide range of microfertilizers in a helatny form (ADOB zinc, ADOB Fe, akvamiks, akvarin 5, akvarin 13, akvarin 15, alkalin RK 5:25, alkalin RK 10:20, alkalin kalievyj+Si, basfoliar 36, bosfoliar 12 – 4-6+S, boroplyus, bioodds, breksil, extra vuksal-kombi In, vuksal-calcium, a vuksal-mikroplant, Fe kristalon special, kristalon yellow, kristalon brown, a kombibor, lifdrip-K, the master 18-18-18, the master 13-40-13, mikrosol, an ekolist a standard, an ekolist grain, mono – pine forest, a rozabor, plantafol, tensokoktejl, reaky, DF solyubor, reksolin, a nutrivant plus, intermag of various brands, phyto-plus chelates, terrafleks, solinure, Fe-8 Forte, Fe-9 the Premium, Fe-13 the Top, Cu-12 Forte, Mn-14 Forte, Zn-14 Forte, ceovit the microversatile person, etc.) arrives . They differ among themselves the macro – and microelement structure, and also their ratio and ligands that naturally leaves the mark on efficiency of these tukov. The production technology of these fertilizers at each stage is regulated by the rigoristic requirements of ISO-9001 introduced at the enterprises and ISO-14001.
In the world there are a few enterprises and the firms, capable to let out helatny microfertilizers. These are the large western companies, such as "ICL Fertilizerrs" Israel , Akzo Nobel, Scotts the Netherlands , Yara Norway , Valagro Italy , Aglukon Germany , INTERMAG Poland. Nowadays in Europe the largest producer xelatov is the Akzo-Nobel firm, on the market of Ukraine the large Polish producer of ADOB with assortment ranks of ADOB microfertilizers, basfoliar and boric fertilizer already known to our market Solyubor DF entered also. The activity the Polish producer of "INTERMAG" with quite wide range of microfertilizers (consisting at present more than from 100 positions), where Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn xelatirovany etilendiamintetrauksusny acid also shows. In the market Vuksal (Aglyukon, Germany), offered JSC Unifermag not bad proved. The preparation represents soluble suspension, is saturated microcells of Vuksal-Mikroplant. Which at norm of application of 1-2 l/hectares, is used, generally for grain crops, and differs from the analogs high universality. From group preparations (+ microcells) in the market of Ukraine are presented by NPK to a series of fertilizers of Kristalon (Yara, Norway), the Master ("Valagro", Italy), Akvarin (Buysky chemical plant, Russia) which are close on the chemical and physical properties. A series of the Italian preparations "Plantafol" of the Valagro company (a uniform proportion of microcells + NPK variations) is also known. These fertilizers are issued in several updatings which have been specially developed for various conditions of cultivation and stages of development of plants. The preparation "Plantafol" is quite similar the chemical composition to the preparations described above. Its distinctive feature – the maintenance of a prilipatel and the PEAHENS, a superficial tension lowering factor that allows solution to be distributed evenly on a surface of grains. The Ekolist – liquid complex microfertilizers and monopreparations of the Polish production. Unfortunately, in scientific literature of information on efficiency of use kompleksonatov metals as microfertilizers contains more not enough.
Usually kompleksonaty metals are steady and for them there are restrictions on rN no soil. The main reason on which xelaty are the most preferable form of use of elements of a food, their compatibility and stability is when mixing with other preparations and, in comparison with microcells, in the form of salts. The Helatirovanny form prevents loss of elements of a food in a deposit. Value kompleksonatov as microfertilizers, for plant growing is defined by a number of their positive properties: they are steady in a wide range of values rN, quickly and are rather fully dissolved in water, practically aren’t toxic, to a lesser extent, than ions of microcells communicate the soil in difficult soluble connections, aren’t absorbed by soil colloids, are steady against microbiological influence, are easily acquired by plants.
In efficiency of impact on plants kompleksonaty surpass all other forms of microcells approximately in 2-5 times. They possess high transport activity and arrive through root system and elevated vegetative bodies practically without changes, and then in cytoplasm of cages within 1-3 days there is their destruction, being accompanied transition of a cation of metal to metabolites of a vegetative fabric. All these merits which they possess, allow them to keep a progressive tense in soil solution in a mobile form. Under the influence of helatirovanny microfertilizers microcells contain in the soil in a form convenient and available to plants. Helata protect food elements from chemical linkage in insoluble connections or settling out, and also prevent interaction with other chemical compounds, at a difference rN, in comparison with inorganic salts of microcells, besides, they are more compatible and stable when mixing with other elements of a food or protravitel. They chemically also are physically compatible to the majority of insecticides and fungicidov, being used at carrying out preseeding incrustation of seeds. If to compare as far as xelaty microcells are better acquired by plants, in comparison with inorganic salts, it is possible to note that they on the basis of lignins are acquired in 4 times better, on a basis citratov – in 6 times it is better, and on the basis of classical helatiruyushchy agents (Etilendiamintetrauksusny and gidroksietilidendifosfonovy acids) – at 8-10 time is better. Kompleksonata represent a convenient preparativny form and consequently they can be used without restrictions for preseeding processing of seeds. They have high KI of microcells from xelatov: 80-95 % (in case of use of traditional chemical salts this indicator makes only 10-30 %). Therefore use of microcells in a helatny form repeatedly increases their productivity and is the perspective direction of use of complex connections instead of processing of seeds by microcells in the form of salts.
Under direct influence of microcells there is a swelling of seeds quicker, in sprouts passing of all biochemical reactions is accelerated. And in fast emergence of amicable shoots also important role is played by the microcells which have been beforehand put on a surface of seeds at their incrustation.
Incrustation – is processing of a surface of seeds by a mix of components in which structure surely include kleyushchy substances for the purpose of creation on a surface of seeds of a cover behind which outlines of seeds remain. The mix of components for incrustation can consist of inert organic and mineral substances, insecticides, fungicidov, dyes, microcells, RRR, fillers etc.
Incrustation of seeds, in comparison with their usual protravlivaniye, has the following advantages: vsxozhest and uniformity of grains makes 90 % and above, the way of preparation provides 100 % melkodispersny processing of their surface by preparations and excludes an osypaniye, rubdown that essentially reduces losses of seeds of components used for incrustation. All components used for incrustation are covered with a film-forming protective cover that provides their reliable fixing on a surface and increases flowability of grains. High sowing qualities of the inlaid seeds give the chance to reduce their norm of seeding to 1/6 sowing units by 1 hectare.
Preseeding processing of a sowing material by polymers – the most perspective, highly effective, and when using a plenkoobrazovatel – excludes environmental pollution.
At the expense of put on a surface of seeds transparent, strong, thin, well soluble in water, an air-penetrable polymeric film there is a complete termination of an osypaniye from a surface of seeds fungicida and kompleksonatov microcells during casing of seeds in bags, at transportation, long storage in warehouses of seed currents of a seed material, cargo handling and sowing works. This agroreception also improves also hygienic working conditions of machine operators because the used protravitel is under a film and doesn’t raise dust.
In the range of the polymeric connections, capable to form such films, the following is worthy: NaKMC, the INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, melyasa – 2 %, Mars EL – 0,2 %, Mars-ELBI, latex, terrasty, gummirabik – 3 %, gelatin technical – 1 %, casein technical – 1,5 %, paste from a flour and starch – 5 %, brand 10-34-0 ZhKU, a fertivant, carbamide pitches, fodeks, water-soluble forms of cellulose, silvetu, EPAA-10, a nu film 17, to super, liposomes etc. In recent years in practice of application of microfertilizers the wide circulation was received by new preparations on a basis of "MIBAS" – a water concentrate of derivatives of a lignin. Them use as prilipatel. A source of raw materials for production "MIBAS" – a waste of pulp and paper industry containing a lignin. When processing by this preparation on a surface of seeds the strong thin polymeric film which doesn’t exfoliate is formed and doesn’t raise dust, and also well prevents losses of microcells and RRR subjected to incrustation of seeds. But nevertheless the most perspective are the substances which are let out under a trademark Mars by EL, Mars-ELBI which well mix up with soluble protravitel in water, RRR and kompleksonatami microcells. Distinctive feature of preparations Mars EL – the maintenance of a prilepatel and the PEAHENS, a superficial tension lowering factor that allows solution to be distributed evenly on a surface of seeds. These preparations are protected by the patent of Ukraine, registered in Gosstandart of Ukraine, on them the Certificate of the State registration of a safe factor is received. Them receive on a basis polietilenoksidov (PEO) into which structure RRR in the form of a humic preparation (a potassium humate) are entered. Mars EL, possessing properties of a prilipatel, in comparison with traditional forms, in a bigger measure prevents an osypayemost of preparations from a surface of seeds, doesn’t allow pollution of environment by them, and improves service personnel working conditions at carrying out preseeding processing of seeds. This preparation non-polluting, has no harmful additives, isn’t toxic, we will easily dissolve in water, we will combine with microfertilizers and RRR and in the conditions of an open agroecosystem decays within 35 days. Its characteristic feature is that it doesn’t destroy the top layer of seeds and promotes prolonged receipt of elements of a food in cages that improves exchange processes in sprouts. It keep in a warehouse in a geleobrazny condition in densely closed container at temperature not above +20°S.
Mars EL is compatible to all chemical of century having fungitsidny and insecticidal action. The grain processed by it, is capable to hold and draw moisture. Formed with the help Mars EL the film detains on a surface of grain of of century of protravitel, RRR, kompleksonaty microcells, prevents their diffusion to the soil, increases the period of protection of seeds and sprouts from causative agents of diseases. As showed control measurements, uniformity of drawing of a working mix on seeds reaches 90 %. Received by means of a preparation Mars EL the polymeric film is strong, transparent, contains in the structure of RRR (a potassium humate), water-permeable, high-steady, maintains stirring and mechanical influences, is easily dissolved in soil solution, doesn’t reduce activity of components a part to a lateral mix, and even, on the contrary, at its application the expense of a protravitel of seeds of winter wheat is reduced by 30 %, it doesn’t interfere with gas exchange.
But the main advantage of this polymeric film received on the basis of PEO (Mars EL), consists that under its influence time necessary for a proklyovyvaniye of germinal backs is reduced that should increase their physiological endurance. As a result of it they sprout in wider range of temperatures, than in not processed seeds.
Then it was offered to enter into the same solution the substances necessary for activization of germination (RRR, kompleksonaty microcells). Solution from biologically active substances together with a protravitel gradually gets into places of microtraumas and isolates seeds from damage by wreckers, oppresses development of causative agents of diseases, let’s to them extend, promotes higher field vsxozhesti seeds.
All process of an incrustation is hi-tech, as he can be seen off in the mechanized way by existing cars used for protravlivaniye PSSh-3, PU-3A, PZ-10, "Mobitoks-super", RS, KPS-10A, PS-10, PU-1B, APZ-10, AS-2, PK-20 "Super", PNSh-5 "Owner", PNSh-3 "Farmer", "Gramaks-V" or on other equipment allowing evenly to process seeds. Technology of setup of these cars the same, as for a protravlivaniye of seeds. Nowadays preseeding processing of a sowing material carry out by means of highly productive mobile chamber protravitel PK-20 Super ("Lvovagromashproyekt", Ukraine); PS-10A (Gatchinskselkhozmash, Russian Federation), Mobitox-Super (Farmeg, Hungary). At the small areas of crops seeds process shnekovy protravitel of the PNSh-5 type (Lvovagromashproekt); PSSh-5 (Makoshinsky plant Selkhozmash, Ukraine), PNSh-3 (Lvovagromashproekt), or PS-3 (UAAN NPO Selta) with their help is carried out loading of seeds to bags. From foreign protravitel in Ukraine the equipment of the Austrian firms CIMBRIA HEID and German PETKUS and NIKLAS most often meets. Today various firms in the market offer stationary chamber protravitel of Gramax-V (Farmeg), "Agate" (Agr Alex, Poland), mobile PKS-15 chambers-protraviteli and stationary chambers protravitel PKS-10 and SPKS-20 (Belama Plus, Republic of Belarus), and also stationary shnekovy protravitel of Trans-Mix 20 (Amazone, Germany), etc. From all given brands of protravitel of seeds agricultural producers use generally PNSh-3, PNSh-5, PSSh-5, PS-10A, PK-20 Super and Mobitox–Super. It has a talk one party in high cost of import cars, and with another – with almost identical technical technical characteristics on the same cars.
Preseeding processing of seeds of winter grain crops of century of river of microcells and RRR improves sowing qualities, providing considerable starting effect and promoting reduction of terms of germination and more amicable emergence of healthy shoots that further promotes increase of efficiency of plants of winter grain crops.
S. Kramarev, doctor of agricultural sciences, main research associate of Institute of a grain farm of UAAN.