To Fiziologo of plants Valery Platonovich Tchernyaev offered us to the publication the researches, on transfer of a winter-hardy persimmon to semi-dwarfish stocks that will allow to grow up this subtropical culture in gardens of intensive type in all southern regions of Ukraine.
Prior to the beginning of the XX century silnorosly plantings with the large trees giving though periodically very big crops were considered as the best
(Problem and ways of its decision)
Evolution of types of orchards goes towards slaborosly zagushchenny landings of intensive type. The last decades in many countries gardeners go by the way of creation slaborosly and even dwarfish highly productive, early gardens of intensive type entering fructification not only semechkovy, but also kostochkovy breeds. In recent years nurseries even more often start to grow up on slaborosly stocks even such breeds, as sweet cherry, an apricot, plum, a peach. And including persimmon.
For Ukraine it is the new culture passable only first stages of an introduction, answering questions: where, what look, a grade and on what stock can grow? What quality of its fruits will be?
In some farms of the Crimea already there are persimmon plantings in ten-thirty and even in thirty-hundred trees young and even the fructifying.
It is possible to tell, what is already begun transition to industrial landings of this culture and, naturally, there is a question – it is possible to recommend what type of landings to the gardeners creating new plantings of this garden culture?
Centenary cultivation of a persimmon in Europe, the USA, Australia, the Republic of South Africa and thousand-year history of its culture in China, Japan, Korea and all South East Asia yet didn’t give the full answer to this question. Prior to the beginning of the XX century silnorosly plantings with the large trees giving, though periodically, very big crops were considered as the best.
In Tajikistan and in the south of Uzbekistan in the middle of last century the accounting of crops was carried out and profitability of culture of east persimmon paid off. In plantings from usual saplings at density of landing of 4×4 m in the first years of fructification from separate grades received to 200 and more than a c/hectare of fruits at very high economic efficiency. Similar results were received and at us in the Nikitsky garden.
There is a question – whether creation of a slaborosly intensive garden of a persimmon in regions of its new culture if it at present still has no real tested slaborosly stock is possible? There is, however, the Tekhasky slaborosly persimmon which is naturally growing in the south of the USA in states Texas and New Mexico which can be a slaborosly stock, but the northern border of its growth accurately isn’t designated, and therefore its frost resistance in northern coldest areas is unknown to us. It is unknown as well its compatibility with different types and persimmon grades. Even in China where gardeners a progressive tense work with this culture (east persimmon), there are no data on mass cultivation of slaborosly trees of a persimmon, and most likely we simply have no data on it.
At crops of seeds of a virginsky persimmon the strong variation of growth of its seyanets and, probably turns out, it is possible to select from this variety more slaborosly group for cultivation of slaborosly stocks. Selection should be carried out from the forms giving a minimum of root young growth.
The second serious question at cultivation of slaborosly saplings of a persimmon is search of a slaborosly grade or a form for an insert which is in addition limiting growth of a sapling. Now still such insert isn’t picked up, but among the plants of a persimmon growing at us, there is one form, conditionally called "Baby" or "Little Red Riding Hood" (a seed plant on the roots), possessing weak growth and able to give a cherenkovy (vaccinating) material for such inserts.
It is necessary to pick up a grade for the main inoculation (not silnorosly, productive rather krupnoplodny, not late-ripening, rather cold-resistant). One of the following could become such grade or such form: Goverla, Tankan, Nikitsky claret, and can be and to Hiakuma, Zendzhi Mar or the Satellite, and for more northern areas – the Russian.
Depending on the imparted grade, a stock and conditions of growth trees of a persimmon of different force of the growth, grow the different sizes. During the first period of its introduction (at the beginning of the XX century) in the Crimea, on YuBK only the silnorosly stock was used – the Caucasian or ordinary persimmon which in a combination to the silnorosly scion – Kostat’s grade grew to 10 and more meters of height, and more slaborosly grade gave to Zendzhi Mar considerably the smaller trees which more favorable for were serving leaving. Since the end of the 70th years of last century at an introduction of this garden culture to new areas all began to apply more widely as a stock – a virginsky persimmon: adult trees on this stock had the size of krone to only 5-6 meters. Thus using usual technology of cultivation of its saplings, only selecting the most slaborosly grades scions in a combination to the most slaborosly grades (to Zendzhi-Mar, Zorka, etc.) it is already possible to receive saplings for more slaborosly, than on the Caucasian persimmon of a garden, it especially is positive that trees imparted on a virginka and more cold-resistant. That is why for receiving the most slaborosly saplings we suggest to use seyanets of virginsky persimmon with a slaborosly insert of a winter-hardy form of the hybrid "Baby" maintaining frosts to-24 °-25 ° With, and probably she will allow to receive more slaborosly saplings.
Approximately in the middle of the last century scientists-physiologists, studying distribution of light and efficiency of photosynthesis in crops and landings of different plants, found out that top yields were received at uniform distribution of light in sheet bed curtains when the total area of leaves of cultural plants in 2-4 times exceeds the soil area where they grow. For such photophilous fruit crop as a persimmon excess should make in 2-3 times. The main thing that the sheet bed curtains were enough and it is evenly shined, that can be reached, forming small to 2-2,5 m in height, but rather often located kroner in an intensive garden. In such type of garden landings it is possible to reach quickly necessary on density of the 4th total area of leaves and the sizes of sheet bed curtains with uniform and sufficient illumination of all leaves of small kroner, as it is reached in landings of slobarosly trees. It is quite natural that such designs of plantings demand considerably bigger quantity of more expensive saplings, but in gardens of this kind quickly accruing crops pay back costs of creation of an intensive garden much quicker.
Now we know what type, what design to us it is necessary to prefer at creation of new gardens of a persimmon, transferring its landings from the category amateur to industrial kulturivaniye in new areas. Such areas where the industrial intensive culture of a persimmon is possible are the most southern seaside regions Odessa, Nikolaev, Kherson and the seaside regions of the Crimea where already now there are regularly fructifying trees of several grades of a persimmon.
V. TCHERNYAEV, botanist, Agrarian Simferopol area, contact phone: 26-34-88.