In this article the history of development of fruit growing in the Crimea is shown. This branch is one of priority agrarian and industrial complexes of the Crimea. Besides, here recommendations about industrial cultivation of subtropical breeds in the Crimea are made.
Fruit growing is one of priority branches of agrarian and industrial complex of the Crimea, quality production providing receiving. The greatest blossoming the Crimean fruit growing reached in the 80th years of the XX century when the area of fruit plantings made 78 thousand hectares, and gross production of fruits – 450 thousand tons. Occupying less than 5 % of the area of the farmland, the branch annually brought to farms of the Crimea about 160 million rubles of the income. By 2003 on the peninsula only 28 thousand hectares of gardens which give no more than 10-15 thousand tons of fruits a year remained. The Crimean fruit growers, except traditional breeds, can grow up with success exotic subtropical cultures – olive European, zizifus, a persimmon, a fig, a cornel garden, pomegranate, monasteries noble, etc. Until recently demand for fruits of these breeds and a leaf of laurels noble is satisfied at the expense of an import from the countries of the near and far abroad though these breeds can grow and fructify with success in a South careful zone of the Crimea in areas from Alushta to Forosa. Here the industrial culture of subtropichchesky plants in volumes, sufficient for satisfaction of demand of a resort zone and resident population of the Crimea within 0,2-0,3 % from total area of fruit breeds is possible.
Industrial cultivation of subtropical breeds in the Crimea can be carried successfully out only at cultivation correctly picked up, high-yielding and hozyaystvenno valuable grades in areas where soil climatic conditions completely meet agroproduction requirements and features of their biology. Considering an essential role of a grade in wide development and distribution of this or that fruit breed, the Nikitsky botanical garden from first years of the basis (1812-1815) started to deliver from other countries the best grades of citron breeds (a lemon, orange, tangerine, kinkan) and subtropical – olive European, a fig, a persimmon, pomegranate, zizifus, etc. Very valuable subtropical fruit breed for the southern coast of the Crimea is olive European.
Morphology. Olive European – an evergreen tree in height of 5-8 m, is more rare to 22 m, in certain cases the trunk reaches 2 m in diameter; krone of a various form. Branches in the lower part with prickles or without them. Leaves opposite, uzkolistny, sharp or stupid, tselnokrayny, 3-10 cm in length and 1-5 cm in width, leathery (rigid), dim green from above, silvery from below. Durability of a leaf of 2-3 years. Inflorescences – multifloral brushes or whisks. Fruits – black or dark-violet stone fruit.
Fruit when maturing black, red, lilac, and at some grades the white; the mass of pulp makes 75-86 % from weight of a fruit as a whole; stone tolstokory, strong.
Economic value and use. Olive European is the valuable olive plant which is widely used in various branches of a national economy as a food, technical, fodder, medicinal and ornamental plant.
Fruits of olive are rich with fats, proteins, sugars, pectins, vitamins (In, With, E, R-active katexinami), contain salts of calcium, phosphorus, iron and other microcells. Its value is caused by the high contents in fruits of excellent non-drying olive oil, its contents makes 50-70 % for dry mass of pulp or 15-42,8 % for crude mass of pulp. B oil is revealed the high maintenance of antioxidants. The olive oil received from fruits of olive, widely use in the canning industry, cookery and medicine. In comparison with other oils it is most fully acquired by an organism (98 %), well affects sekretorny activity of a liver and digestive organs. In medicine apply olive oil as a prophylactic against atherosclerosis.
In olive seeds about 12 % of technical oil. The pulp of fruits contains a bitter glycoside oleuropein (2-10 %). At easy pressing from completely ripened fruits of olive grades receive the vegetable oil best in the world – Provencal, used for salads and applied in medicine. At more rigid pressing receive also food, olive oil used at manufacturing of fish canned food. At hot pressing with a razdavlivaniye of a stone or when processing by organic solvents receive fine technical "wooden" oil.
Fruits use in food salty and marinaded. On degree of a maturity use green, semi-ripe and ripe fruits. On nature of use of fruits distinguish 3 groups of grades of olive: canning, canning and olive (universal) and olive.
Olive use when manufacturing various cosmetics – lipsticks, creams, the premiums of toilet soap; in the textile industry – for wool greasing at its processing and a loshcheniye of a yarn and threads. Under the name "salad oil" it is applied inside in emulsions, as an enveloping, emollient and gentle depletive at diseases of digestive organs and a cholelithic illness, and also when manufacturing medicines "Olimetin", "Bismoverol", "Biyokhinol". The oil received from industrial wastes of olive can be used as lubricant oil, in the technical purposes, and a natural waste – as b source – sitosterina and the ursolovy acid, applied in medicine.
In oil of fruits of various grades of olive existence of six, and sometimes seven fat acids is established. Among them: palmitic, palmitoleinovy, stearin, olein, linoleic, traces of arakhinovy acid are noted. Among nonsaturated fat acids dominating is olein, and sated – palmitic acids.
Oil from a waste has an identical chemical composition with factory oil, and shrot contains valuable nutrients (sugar – 4,5 %, organic acids – 2,1 %, water-soluble pectin – 0,4 %, amino acids and amidy, carotinoids – 1,22 mg of %, tokoferoly – 2,9 mg of %) and can be used as a fodder additive in poultry farming and animal husbandry. Also chemical composition of a flower waste of olive (steriny – 0,151 %, carotinoids – 13,1 mg of %, oksikumariny – 0,25 %, ursolovy acid – 0,32 %, tokoferoly – 3,4 mg of %, and also sugar – 1,54 %, fat oil – 0,7 %, essential oil – 0,13 %, organic acids – 1,03 %) which are recommended for mass collecting, with the subsequent allocation of the substances used in medicine is studied. Leaves of an olive tree use as a forage for a small cattle. Plants of olive highly appreciate and in decorative gardening, and also for creation of wind-shelter strips.
Olive is a good ameliorant on zaterrasirovanny hillsides more abruptly 10-12 ° in the conditions of a South careful zone of the Crimea. Its root system – a centimetric layer of earth fastens at 10-60 a bulk part of ground hydraulic engineering constructions (terraces). It does the soil steady against washouts and sags that is very important in a suspension of landslides, an erosion of soils and useless dumping of water from a precipitation.
The Crimea has possibility to grow up a big variety of fruit and berry breeds. Potentially here nearly 30 names of types can be cultivated. It is possible to supply with fresh fruits the market all the year round. Nevertheless, in the summer, during a resort season vacationers have nothing to offer. There are neither traditional domestic, nor exotic fruits. On sea coasts of resort zones trade is carried out, mainly, by the fruits delivered from the next Turkey and other countries. In this regard the prices for overseas subtropical breeds are very great. So, in the market in Yalta cost of fruits of olive marinaded (black and pikuli) in June 2006 7. made 200 UAH. for 1 kg. Whether krymchanam and the vacationer such price of fruits of olive is available to all? In the markets and in shops realize import fruits of the southern fruit breeds – an aktinidiya Chinese (kiwi), pomegranate, zizifus, a fig, olive European, a persimmon east, a feijoa. Features of biology allow to grow up them in a South careful zone of the Crimea. In other regions of Ukraine many of them to grow and can’t fructify. As an exception – azimina trekhlopastny, hybrids between a persimmon virginsky and a persimmon east, zizifus, an aktinidiya Chinese, and other its types successfully grow and fructify in steppe and foothill zones, these southern breeds give big and stable crops in the Crimea.
Features of biology and cultivation. Olive – the most durable tree from cultural plants: in Palestine trees aged to 2 thousand years were known. Good fructification is noted to 50-year age. Trees of a seed origin enter fructification from 10-12 years, grown up of shanks – from 4-6 years. In the conditions of soft winter of the Mediterranean olive can vegetirovat all the year round. In subtropics of the former USSR vegetation began in March-April and proceeded to a resistant cold snap. Flowering noted in May, soon after the beginning of growth of escapes. Fruits ripened at different grades since the beginning of October to the middle of December. This typical tree of dry subtropics of the Mediterranean. It is adapted for dry hot summer and cool damp winter. Maintains frosts from – 14 to – 16°S, it is frequent without damages. Fruits at all grades are damaged at decrease in temperature to – 6°S. To humidity of the soil olive is undemanding, grows without watering where during the summer not less than 100 mm of a precipitation drop out. It grows in a humid climate of Transcaucasia and fructifies well, is photophilous, grows on various soils, even on slabosolontsevaty, doesn’t maintain only boggy and slabovodopronitsayemy clay soils.
Among the main objectives of the Nikitsky botanical garden from the moment of its basis there was a revival of culture of olive in the Crimea. The olive genofund in the Nikitsky garden by 1980 totaled 150 grades. On nature of use of fruits of a grade are divided into three groups: canning, canning and olive (universal) and olive.
The genofund of olive European in the Nikitsky botanical garden regularly replenishes at the expense of allocation of new grades from among elite perspective hybrid forms and introdutsirovanny of the countries of the foreign and neighboring countries. For the last 20 years of 12 new grades it is transferred to the state test. One grade (Crimean Excellent) is included in the Register of grades of plants of Ukraine. Four grades of olive of selection of the Nikitsky botanical garden (Nikitsky 1, Nikitsky 2, Nikitsky 3, Crimean 172) are zoned in Armenia and Turkmenistan.
E.Shoferistov, leading research associate, Dr.Sci.Biol., N Vasyutinsky, graduate student. A Nikitsky botanical garden – National scientific center.