In article the description of the winter grain is given. Features, efficiency and productivity of some grades are noted.
The REFERENCE ON TWO-HANDLES
Many annual plants are presented by winter and summer forms. Distinction between these biotypes consists that at spring crops summer plants in the first year yield a harvest, and winter remain in a vegetative condition. Besides the typical winter and typically summer there are the plants two-handles, capable to develop both on winter, and on summer type, depending on the presented possibilities of environment. This their original property is used in a science at creation of grades two-handles, in particular grain grains which are so necessary for our agricultural producers in practice. Rasteniya-dvuruchki can be selected from winter forms when seeding in their spring or from summer, vyseyanny in the autumn.
Ability of separate grades of barley and wheat to yield a harvest both at autumn, and at spring crops, i.e. to show ample adaptive opportunities, is used by scientists as for the solution of theoretical questions (removal of new grades), and for practical purposes.
Winter barley potentially more fruitful, than summer. It well uses an autumn and winter precipitation, rather easily transfers summer droughts, ripens for one-two weeks (depending on a grade) before summer which summer dry winds disturb, and releases a field for the subsequent cultures earlier. Soft winters winter barley transfers well, but in the severe there can be an izrezhivaniye or even death of plants. In such years when it is necessary to increase the area of crops of summer barley, and grades two-handles – for podseva and resowing would come in handy.
On the basis of the Crimean regional experimental station (since 2004. The APP Crimean institute) in 1968-1969 was made temporary experiment in which in the spring at the same time with the summer sowed three grades of winter barley zoned in the Crimea. Experience was put on the sternevy predecessor according to the standard technology. Results are presented in tab. 1.
Table 1
Comparative productivity of the summer and winter barley, zoned in the Crimea, at spring crops, c/hectare, 1968-1969.
Grade of winter barley Odessa early at crops in the spring not vykolashivalsya as biologically was typically winter. Two other grades (Klepininsky 182 and Chenad 345) vykolosilis also yielded a harvest, but the difference in comparison with summer barley of a grade Donetsk-4 made 9,7 and 10,0 c/hectares, not in favor of the two first, thus grain was puny and not leveled. Conclusions were drawn: for resowing of victims winter it is better to use typical summer grades of barley. In need of their reproduction early-spring crops are admissible.
Repeated similar experiences were put in 1982-1984. Barley sowed as soon as possible an exit in the field, i.e. in superearly and early terms. The corn cleaned in dairy and wax ripeness was the predecessor. Productivity of winter barley of the grades zoned in those years compared to productivity summer Donetsk-6. These data are presented in tab. 2.
Table 2
Productivity of barley at early-spring crops, c/hectare, 1982-1984.
On the average in three years productivity of winter and summer barley was practically at one level that allowed to draw a conclusion that in the absence of seeds of summer grain crops victims winter is possible peresevat in "January" and February windows grades of winter barley.
In 1984 possibility to carry out barley sowing in two terms was presented. Results of experience are given in table 3.
Table 3
Efficiency of grades of winter barley at crops in "January" and February windows on a waterless valley on corn, 1984.
The received results showed that at crops in January and the first decade of February productivity of summer and winter barley identical (within an error of experience). Decrease in productivity of all studied grades at crops in later term was observed.
Experiments made at the APP Crimean institute show that almost all winter grades of barley possess property of a dvuruchnost in bigger or to a lesser extent, however grades are entered in the Register of grades of plants of Ukraine – two-handles which are recommended both for autumn, and for early-spring sowing. These are grades of selection of the Odessa selection and genetic institute – Rosava, the Basis, Taman, Worthy, the Native.
At "repair" of izrezhenny crops of winter wheat, as a rule, ispolzuyutyarovy barley, however a crop of such crops is suitable only on the fodder purposes. Attempts of seeding of spring wheat instead of pogibshejozimojv to the Crimea took place, however its biology doesn’t correspond to our climatic conditions. Shoots of spring wheat get in the spring to the most cruel conditions of growth (high temperatures, low vlazhnostvozduxa, a lack of moisture of the soil), having poured grains passes during the hottest and dry period, chtosnizhaet its productivity.
Experience of crops of winter wheat in the winter and in the early spring is saved up selektsionno – genetic institutomUAAN. For many years in SGI of a grade of winter wheat were sowed in the winter, and there was no case, chtobyeta the culture not vykolashivalas and didn’t give a crop. Kolosheniye and wheat maturing, in the poseyanny winter, was late for 8-12 days. Such crops in years with extreme weather conditions get under influence of a drought and provide efficiency at level of 15-20 c/hectares. Under conditions of a good vlagoobespechennost winter crops of winter wheat slightly concede to the autumn.
In researches Krasnodarskogoniiskh of Lukyanenko productivity of winter wheat of a grade of Jun at crops on March 3-4 in 1993 and 1994 on the average in two years of researches made 64,8 c/hectares.
Researches on use of wheat two-handles at the APP UAAN Crimean institute since 2006. In the Register of grades of plants of Ukraine chislyatsyadva grades of winter wheat of alternative use – Zimoyarka and Hutoryankaselektsy Instituta of physiology of plants and genetics. Since 2009 division into districts of a grade two-handle of Solomy of selektsiikhersonsky state agrarian university is planned. Crops of the above-named grades were carried out as soon as possible an exit to a field (on February 15 in 2007 and on February 28 in 2008) and in March (15 and 11 respectively). In 2007 seyaliv April. For a sravneniyapoproduktivnost in the same terms there was poseyan summer barley of a grade a Stalker. Results of experience are presented in table 4.
Table 4
Productivity of grades of winter wheat and summer barley at spring terms of sowing, c/hectare, 2007 – 2008gg.
Grades the Farmer and Zimoyarka are studied with 2008goda.
The main influence on efficiency of grain crops was rendered by weather climatic conditions. 2007 was characterized by a considerable lack of moisture during the spring-and-summer period, and 2008byl very favorable on a vlagoobespechennost that positively affected productivity of these cultures. Summer barley provided higher in comparison with winter wheat productivity both in 2007, and in 2008. Researches will be continued.
We consider that in need of resowing and podseva winter crops the success will depend not so much on culture and a grade, how many from timeliness and accuracy of fixation of death winter and the organizations of works on "repair" of the damaged crops.
L.Radchenko, the deputy director on scientific work of the APP UAAN Crimean institute.
K.Zhenchenko, senior research associate of laboratory of agriculture.