In article there is a speech about rational use of a symbiotic azotfiksatsiya of bean cultures in agriculture of the Crimea.
One of the reasons of poor harvests of grain crops and decrease in fertility of the soil in the Crimea is the unbalanced structure of crops concerning bean plants
One of the reasons of poor harvests of grain crops and decrease in fertility of the soil in the Crimea is the unbalanced structure of crops concerning bean plants. The last in symbiosis with klubenkovy bacteria are capable to acquire from air to 70-280 and more than a kg/hectare of molecular nitrogen, providing big crops of high-quality protein without application of mineral nitric fertilizers. Scientifically reasonable share of bean plants in a crop rotation makes 20-40 % and it is necessary to increase crops bean from existing 3-8 % to this size.
On a waterless valley, besides traditional esparceta, peas and Wicca, it is expedient to grow up to a rank, and also considerably to increase crops nuta, to enter into a kormoproizvodstvo the tributary white and such perspective long-term culture with high azotfiksiruyushchy potential as a kozlyatnik east.
On an irrigation the leading role is traditionally allocated for a lucerne and a soya, but in vegetable crop rotations there will be a place and for vegetable grades of peas, beans, haricot and trigonelly (pazhitnitsa Greek).
Important factor of increase of efficiency of bean plants in modern technologies of their cultivation is strengthening of azotfiksiruyushchy function bean by means of application of biological products of specific klubenkovy bacteria (rizobofit) for preseeding processing of seeds – nitraginizatsiya. For this purpose in YuF ISHM UAAN there are highly effective, competitive and technological strains a rhizobium of all bean plants cultivated in the Crimea. Production technologies and applications of various forms rizobofita are developed and approved: peat, vermikulitny, liquid, gelny and heterophase. Cost of one hectare portion makes 12-18 hryvnias.
Technology of application of biological products. Processing of seeds is carried out in day of crops, and it is even better small parties directly ahead of crops. The seeds processed by biological products should be protected from direct sunshine and an overheat. Their seeding should be made to the damp soil. Preseeding processing of seeds by a preparation can be carried out manually and the mechanized way.
Manual processing (inokulyatsiya) of seeds by a biological product carry out as follows. On canvas fill seeds in the quantity corresponding to hectare norm of seeding, and process a surface a working mix of a preparation which prepare by stirring of a hectare portion (100-300 g) in 1-1,5 liters of water or a prilipatel before destruction of lumps of a firm basis. Then seeds mix, serially lifting the opposite ends of canvas for uniform distribution of a preparation to surfaces of seeds. The seeds processed by a biological product zatarivayut in bags also take out to a field for crops.
The mechanized processing of seeds by a biological product carry out by cars for a protravlivaniye of seeds on the technology similar with protravlivaniye. For this purpose are suitable PSSh-3, PS-10 and others. Before operation of the car for a protravlivaniye it is necessary to clear carefully from yadoximikatov, to wash out and neutralize according to health regulations.
Application of biological products in agricultural production promotes increase of a crop and improvement of its quality.
The highest efficiency of a nitraginizatsiya is noted on a soya where the increase of a grain yield makes 2-6 c/hectares, and at cultivation on soils, free from klubenkovy bacteria, much more. Application of mineral nitrogen under a soya is inexpedient, as at effective bean rizobialnom symbiosis it essentially doesn’t raise a crop.
Influence of mineral nitrogen on a symbiotic azotfiksatsiya and efficiency of a soya of a grade the Hero 50 (average data of field experiments of the APP UAAN Crimean institute for 2005-2005)
For the purpose of further strengthening of a symbiotic azotfiksatsiya probably practical use of the following scientifically reasonable receptions:
– primary use of grades bean with high level of a symbiotic azotfiksatsiya;
– selection to modern grades of bean plants of the most complementary genotypes mikrosimbiontov and manufacturing of biological products on their basis for what systematic carrying out the corresponding vegetative and field researches by scientific institutions is necessary;
– optimization of existing agrotechnologies of cultivation of bean plants taking into account the maximum use of their azotfiksiruyushchy function by improvement of crop rotations, system of fertilizer, use of growth factors and new forms of microcells, application of microbic preparations compatible to a nitraginizatsiya with fosfatmobilizuyushchy, roststimuliruyushchy function and antagonists of phytopathogens.
Methodical approaches and practical development of noted receptions of increase of a symbiotic azotfiksatsiya of bean plants are available in YuF ISHM UAAN, but they should be optimized for specific soil and climatic and agroecological conditions.
For rational use of a symbiotic azotfiksatsiya in agriculture of the Crimea improvement of technology of application of high-quality biological products in farms of different forms of ownership and a hardware is necessary.