Data on effective application are provided in article Nurela-D for protection against a complex of listogryzushchy wreckers, a yablonny plodozhorka and web pincers.
NUREL-D – HIGHLY EFFECTIVE INSEKTOAKARITSID
Primary group of wreckers, from the point of view of ekologo-economic domination, the types developing on generativny bodies of plants make. Constant wreckers of long-term plantings here belong: yablonny, pear, plam plodozhorka; some types listovertok; cherry fly; plam tolstonozhka; trubkoverty; pincers; plant louses and some other insects. And also the wreckers having local distribution, or breeding periodically, for example east plodozhorka, fruit pililshchik. Vrediyoteli, damaging generativny bodies, cause a real loss uroyozhy which can be precisely established and expressed in weight or monetary indicators. The economic threshold of number of main types of this group is so low that biotic factors (including useful insects, predatory pincers and microorganisms) not mogut to hold population at such level. Therefore today protection of fruit crops is under construction on the maximum use of chemical means of protection.
Basis of optimization of technology of protection of gardens is not only identification of types of wreckers, but also definition of base processings against the most harmful objects. Because in gardens often it is necessary to carry out fight against several types of wreckers at the same time, for effective and profitable protection it is necessary to choose average optimum term of application of the chemical means, allowing to destroy the maximum quantity of harmful types. For such processing select the most effective pesticides, and in an ideal – use the preparation possessing a wide range of action and allowing effectively to regulate number of all complex of harmful organisms.
Comparison of the general toxicological load of unit of area when using different schemes of protection of a yablonevy garden from harmful insects and pincers in the conditions of the South of Ukraine testifies that for preservation of a konditsionny crop it is necessary to see till 6-12 chemical processings by traditional insecticides and akaricidami with their general use from 9 to 16 kg/hectares. Insecticides most often used in fruit growing on chemical classification belong to 4 groups: fosfororganichesky connections, piretroidny preparations, neonikotinoidy, hormonal preparations (inhibitors of synthesis of chitin and inhibitors of growth of insects). It is necessary to carry microbiological preparations of the virus, mushroom and bacterial nature to separate group of insecticides.
One of predominating positions in fight against harmful arthropods is occupied by fosfororganichesky connections (FOS). It is connected with their high insecticidal and akaritsidny activity, fast manifestation of protective action, existence of system and deep properties. Negative properties – high toxicity for the person, animals and useful insects, possibility of development of stability to them. However, the preparations relating to this group of organic connections, rather quickly decay in plants, live organisms, the soil. Products of their half-decay are almost nontoxical for the person and the highest warm-blooded animals.
The preparations relating to group of synthetic piretroidov in the majority so-so and malotoksichny for the person and the highest warm-blooded animals. Don’t collect in environment. The main advantage of substances from this group is their high insecticidal activity at the expressed selectivity of action many times over surpassing selectivity of FOS. It allows to use piretroidy with very low norm of an expense which is measured by tens – hundred grams on hectare.
Preparations which unite in itself two active ingredients, chemical compounds relating to different classes, represent a great interest in practice of protection of plants. One of such pesticides is insekto-akaritsid a wide range of action Nurel-D uniting two active ingredients: xlorpirifos and cipermetrin, fosfororganichesky connections relating to classes and piretroidov.
The preparation possesses contact and intestinal activity and fumigatsionny activity, is capable to get into fabrics of the processed plants. Destroys wreckers at all stages of development, including possesses some ovitsidny activity. Use Nurela-D in gardening gives the chance to constrain one processing flash of reproduction of rastitelnoyadny pincers, the plant louses mining moths, shchitovka, a listovertok, including a plodozhorok, and other wreckers. Possesses high initial toxicity and average duration of protective action - 14 days. It is effective against bugs and their larvae. It can be interesting to protection of a garden against bugs of family plastinchatousy, including – antelope beetles of shaggy (TropinotahirtaPoda).
Biological activity and action range Nurela-D for 2 years (in 2003-2004) studied in yablonevy gardens of the South of Ukraine. Processings Nurelom-D carried out to the period of education zavyazy – growth of fruits and dated for an otrozhdeniye of caterpillars of a yablonny plodozhorka in the first and second generatsiya. In mass summer of IIpika Igeneracii and on peaks of summer of the II generation of processing carried out hormonal preparations.
Accounting of injuriousness and supervision over development of wreckers carried out on standard in an entomologiya and protection of plants to techniques. The quantity of registration trees on skilled allotments (2 hectares) allowed to estimate authentically efficiency of carried-out processings and distinction between processed sites and the raw control.
Dynamics of number of a yablonny plodozhorka and density of population of the wrecker determined by a way of catching of butterflies to feromonny traps and by calculation of the damaged fruits of a demountable crop and fruit drop. The main indicator of efficiency of application of insecticides in protection against a yablonny plodozhorka was decrease in percent of damage of apples of a demountable crop and fruit drop from their general quantity in the selected tests. An assessment of number of listogryzushchy wreckers and decrease in density of their population determined by a way of direct calculation of total of leaves in tests, and from them – damaged. The main indicator of efficiency of a studied preparation against web pincers was reduction of their number by one registration and populated leaf.
In days of efficiency studying Nurela-D on skilled sites development of the following harmful objects was noted: Yablonny plodozhorka (Carpocapsapomonella);
mining moths: moths babies (Nepticulamalella); a karmashkovy regional moth – pestryanka (Ornixguttea); a yablonny nizhnestoronny mining moth (Lythocolletisblancardella); rozanny (Archipsrosana) and mesh (Adoxophyesorana) listovyortok; web pincers: brown fruit (BryobiaredikorzeviReck), garden web (SchizotetranychuspruniOudms.) and red fruit (Panonychus ulmiKoch).
In days of carrying out researches there were favorable conditions for development, both apple-trees, and wreckers, including yablonny plodozhorka. The sums of active temperatures was enough in order that before the critical photoperiod almost full cycle of development of population of the third generation of the wrecker came to the end.
Throughout development of all three generatsiya of a yablonny plodozhorka in 2003-2004 the density of population exceeded indicators of an economic threshold of injuriousness (5-7 copies in a week) more than in 3,5-26 times (fig. see above).
The beginning of summer was fixed at the end of the III decade of April, (2003) - in the first decade of May, (2004). Carried out before the beginning of sprayings of inspection of skilled sites showed that the quantity of the damaged apples on all allotments didn’t exceed 1-2 pieces on 300 surveyed fruits. Damages of fruit drop it was not noted. The carried-out processings Nurelom-D allowed to reduce number of a yablonny plodozhorka and percent of damage of generativny bodies to economically imperceptible level.
On control the percent of the damaged fruit drop made from 10,4 to 50 %. On processed options this indicator didn’t exceed 3-11 %. Reduction of quantity of the fallen-down fruits was thus fixed. The percent of the damaged fruits of a demountable crop on control made from 12,2 to 42,5 % that in 6 – 21 times exceeded indicators of an economic threshold of injuriousness for this wrecker. The carried-out sprayings Nurelom-D allowed to reduce number of caterpillars and quantity of the damaged fruits in 18-38 times.
Biological efficiency of the scheme of protective measures against a yablonny plodozhorka, with insecticide use Nurel-D was high throughout the entire period of protective action of a preparation and made 97,0 – 99,6 % (on the sum damaged fruit drop and fruits in a demountable crop).
The accounts which have been carried out to the period of harvesting showed that the povrezhdennost of fruits on processed insekto-akaritsidy Nurel-D option didn’t exceed 2,8 %, and was more than in the 20th time is lower, than on control. The increase in a share of a konditsionny crop on processed options of experience in comparison with control made 26 %. From one processed tree more than 140 kg of apples were collected. On control decrease in productivity (including because of increase in quantity of fruit drop) made 18 kg.
Protection of an apple-tree against mining moths and listovertok an insecticide Nurel-D allowed to keep the sheet device without damages. On control the povrezhdennost of leaves didn’t exceed 12,8 %. Biological efficiency of the tested scheme against these groups of wreckers made 96,4 (listovertka) – 98,9 (mining moths) percent.
The skilled site chosen by us for carrying out experiments, was characterized by also high density of population of web pincers. Number of mobile individuals on 1 populated leaf more than in 3-6 times exceeded an economic threshold of injuriousness.
On a skilled site before processing number of a tick on 1 populated leaf by options of experience fluctuated from 16, 7 to 18,9 individuals. For the seventh day after spraying number of pincers against processings decreased to 0,7. During the same time on control number this indicator made 20,7 individuals on one populated leaf.
Further, against high number of pincers on control (the raw plants), the quantity of mobile individuals on option I (Nurel-D) restrained at very low level during the whole period of carrying out supervision over population development. For the 14th day after processing the density of population increased to 1,1 ek. / a leaf. This indicator was lower, than on control option more than in 17 times and below indicators of an economic threshold of injuriousness more than in 3 times. Low number of pincers restrained on the processed sites up to harvesting. Biological efficiency of a studied preparation made 93,5 – 96,1 %.
On control option at the end of June – the beginning of July observed change of coloring of the damaged sheet device and an osypaniye of leaves of the bottom circle (to 3-7 pieces on escape). The grown brown and died-off leaves didn’t participate in photosynthesis processes that finally negatively affected not only on formation of a crop of the current year, but also a laying of fruit kidneys, accumulation of plastic substances in long-term wood, ripening of annual escapes and on stability of an apple-tree to adverse weather conditions. Including, on stability to low winter temperatures. On option where carried out processings Nurelom-D, on the sheet device didn’t observe visual signs of development and distribution of pincers (change of coloring of a sheet plate).
Thus, biannual researches showed that insekto-akaritsid Nurel-D shows high initial activity and possesses long term of protective action when processings apple-tree against a complex of listogryzushchy wreckers, a yablonny plodozhorka and web pincers.
Application of this preparation in protection of an apple-tree against harmful organisms at high number of wreckers allows to receive high biological efficiency, to increase a share of a konditsionny crop in comparison with control and to reduce the general toxicological load of unit of the processed area.
E.Stranishevskaya, leading research associate NIViV "Magarach", candidate of agricultural sciences.