In article recommendations about an agrotechnology of cultivation of flax olive are made. Besides, biological features of this culture are described. The zoned grades are listed.
Reference: Reference: Flax – a sort one - and perennial grassy plants of family lnovy, totals about 230 types of the plants growing in subtropical and moderate climatic belts. Len-dolgunets (in stalks fiber, in seeds oil) is entered into culture in Ancient Egypt for some one thousand years B.C., in 10-13 centuries everywhere extended in Russia. It is cultivated in Egypt, Turkey, the European countries, in the nonchernozem regions of Russia.
Flax olive, or flax-kudryash in which seeds about 50 % of oil, grow up in India, Argentina, the USA, Russia.
In the territory of Ukraine and the Crimean peninsula lyon it was known in the V century. In the foothills and on valleys of the rivers grew up a lyon-dolgunets from whom received fibers, and in a steppe part of the Crimea – lyon olive, used for oil manufacturing.
In recent years surge in interest to cultivation of flax olive as demand for production made of it steadily grows in the world is observed. The oil containing in seeds of flax of olive in number of 40-50 % from weight, has very wide range of application. The composition of linen oil includes five fat acids that allows to use it in the medical, paint and varnish, soap-producing, tanning, chemical industry, and also in such branches as the car – and shipbuilding, metal working, etc.
In an extreme antiquity seeds of flax were applied in traditional medicine, both to treatment of people, and for treatment of animals. Today seeds of flax are used in pharmacology for preparation of drugs and cosmetic preparations. Thanks to that flax oil quickly dries, producers of paint and varnish production make the best drying oil of it.
However, in plants of flax olive it is valuable not only oil, but also stalks. They, of course, on all significant parameters concede to flax-dolguntsa stalks, but at the corresponding processing give fiber of quite satisfactory quality. Such fiber is used for manufacturing of linen cotton wool, dressing and kroveostanavlivayushchy materials, a sacking, ropes, a twine. Of straw of flax olive make paper, a cardboard. Today technologies of receiving from short linen fiber of flax of an olive kotonizirovanny material (by cotton – (ang are already developed.) cotton).
Demand for production made from flax of olive, and, respectively, its demand as raw materials – only one party proving advantage of cultivation of this crop. Other party of advantage – agronomical. In recent years in the south of Ukraine the structure of cultivated areas considerably changed: the areas of crops of corn and other forage crops decreased, the crops areas grain on grain, i.e. on an eddish increased. Respectively, today there is a search of effective predecessors winter grain, among "new" or long ago the forgotten "old" cultures which would be besides are rather profitable, that is had sale, payback, and, probably, partially would replace winter grain crops in structure of cultivated areas. Among such cultures lyon the olive takes not the last place.
Biological features
Flax olive sow in the spring, but not in February windows. Seeds sprout at soil temperature 3-40S, shoots appear at 6-80S. Relatively with firmness shoots of flax maintain spring frosts – 4-50S. However at long return of colds cotyledons are damaged, the sprout turns yellow and shoots perish.
Optimum temperature for initial growth of plants of flax 15-180C. More high temperatures negatively affect development of shoots which in these conditions stop growth and can lose leaves. In a phase naliva and seed maturing optimum temperature (in the presence of moisture in the soil) – 25-270C.
Requirements of flax olive to moisture low – the transpiratsionny factor is equal 400. Possessing well developed root system, olive lyon it is capable to use moisture of the deep horizons of the soil.
Growth of roots of flax deep into proceeds almost till the end of plant life while at the majority of summer cultures formation of root system by the flowering beginning practically stops. Up the time of flax flowering its main root reaches only 70-75 % of the full length and continues grow almost till the end of vegetation. It allows flax plants to consume after flowering moisture from deeper layers of earth, than in the first half of development. The root system of flax olive possesses high soaking-up ability: after cleaning of a number of summer olive cultures in a meter layer of earth there are 13-17 % of moisture, and after cleaning of flax olive only 9-10 %.
Flax olive well is possible on chernozem and chestnut soils. From time immemorial it cultivated almost on all soils of the Crimean peninsula.
Exclusively high requirements lyon shows to purity of fields from weeds. It can’t resist neither annual, nor to perennial weed plants, especially in the first phases of the life – from shoots to a butonizatsiya.
Features of an agrotechnology of flax olive
In a crop rotation lyon it is better to place after winter wheat and leguminous. Good results give flax crops after propashny cultures (potatoes, corn, a beet, bakhchevy). It is impossible to sow flax after sunflower and a castor-bean tree.
In order to avoid damage by wreckers (a flea, a sovka, a meadow moth) it is not recommended to sow flax nearby or after krestotsvetny cultures and nuta. To avoid defeat fuzariozy and other diseases, to return flax on a former place in a crop rotation it is possible not earlier than what in 6-8 years.
Lyon olive rather early culture. It early releases a field and is the good predecessor under winter (on soil preparation under the last remains about three months).
All agrotechnical actions for the main preparation of the soil and application of fertilizers under flax are necessary for carrying out since autumn. In the spring, when maturing the soil, cut since autumn zyab cultivate steam cultivators on depth of seal of seeds to 6 see. Unprepared since autumn glybisty zyab as an exception, cultivate twice. The main task of early-spring processings – the maximum alignment of the soil, destruction of wintering and early summer weeds, moisture preservation.
Crops
The best time for flax crops – after crops of early grain crops (summer barley, oats). Crops of early term use the moisture which has been saved up for the autumn and winter period better, are damaged by linen flea beetles and other wreckers less.
At all variety of ways of crops of flax olive, under production conditions the ordinary way with row-spacings 15 is optimum see. Flax crops with expanded row-spacings don’t give a considerable increase of a crop. Today to carry out one chemical processing of crops by one of the resolved herbicides, than two interrow processings at expanded row-spacings cheaper.
Norm of seeding at a continuous way of sowing – 4-5 ¼½¡.ÞÔ./hectare (30-40 kg/hectares). At early terms of crops the minimum norm as the crop will be formed at the expense of increase in boxes and quantity of seeds in them is sowed. At late sowing norm of seeding increase – productivity will depend on density of crops.
Depth of seal of seeds 3-5 see Prikatyvaniye annulate shporovymi skating rinks surely.
Grades of flax olive
The state Register of grades of plants of Ukraine for cultivation in a steppe zone offers such grades of flax olive as Pivdenna nich, the Debut, the Iceberg, Orpheus (Zaporozhye), Eureka (Kiev).
All listed grades are high-olive, differ resistance to drowning and an osypaniye, are adapted for the mechanized cleaning, are characterized by high potential productivity.
SortPivdenna nich: Height of a stalk 52-55 see. Duration of the vegetative period of 84-86 days. The grade is characterized by high drought resistance. Seeds brown. Mass of 1000 seeds: 7,9 g of Maslichnost: 44,8-47,0 %. Productivity: 16,7-20,1 c/hectares.
Grade Debut: Height of plants: 57-58 see. Technical length of a stalk: 46-48 see. Vegetative period: 85-87 days. Seeds brown. Mass of 1000 seeds: 7,8 g of Maslichnost: 45,5-47,0 %. Urozhaynost:15,4-20,0 c/hectare.
Grade Iceberg: Cyanogen is created by a method mutageneza on the basis of grade seeds. Height of plants 54-57 see. Vegetative period: 86-88 days. The grade differs high stability against fuzariozny withering. Seeds dark brown. Mass of 1000 seeds: 7,7 g of Maslichnost: 46,5-49,5 %. Oil has high iodic number. Productivity: 15-18 c/hectares.
Sortorfey: Height of plants 55-60 see. Vegetative period of 86-88 days. Seeds brown. Mass of 1000 seeds: 7,2 g of Maslichnost: 46 %. Productivity: 15,8-21,7 c/hectares.
Grade Eureka: Height of plants 57-62 see. Vegetative period: 81 days. Seeds of ovally extended form, brown color. Mass of 1000 seeds: 7-8 g of Maslichnost: 39,4 %. Productivity: 18,8 c/hectares.
Care of crops
Care of crops of flax consists in fight against weed vegetation, especially in an initial phase of its development. Herbicides are applied to fight against weeds in the phase "fir-trees" (at height of plants of 8-10 cm) (Lauren, Lontrel and other resolved preparations).
Cleaning
As a rule, cleaning of flax start, when seeds gain the typical color, have about 15 % of humidity, lag behind from peregorodochek and "rustle" in boxes when stirring.
Clean lyon usually direct kombaynirovaniye. After cleaning flax seeds immediately clear and, if necessary, dry. Humidity a seed at storage shouldn’t exceed 10-11 %.
O. Tomashova managing laboratory of agriculture; S. Tomashov, K.Senchenko, senior research associates of laboratory of agriculture of the APP UAAN Crimean institute.