In article recommendations about protection against the main wreckers and diseases on the grape plants damaged by winter frosts and spring frosts are made. These actions will allow to avoid intensive development of pathogens and infection accumulation on grape plantings in the current and next vegetative periods.
RECOMMENDATIONS ABOUT PROTECTION AGAINST HARMFUL ORGANISMS ON the GRAPE PLANTINGS DAMAGED by FROSTS
In years when grape plants are damaged by winter frosts or the spring frosts which are essentially reducing their potential efficiency, the main objective of experts – timely carrying out actions for protection against the main wreckers and diseases (as a rule, steadier against long low temperatures). It will allow to avoid intensive development of pathogens and infection accumulation on grape plantings in the current and next vegetative periods.
Even on sites where eyes are damaged for 90 % and more and a crop it is not expected, it is not necessary to refuse carrying out protective measures. Protection of the sheet device and annual escapes against harmful organisms will provide an optimum laying of future crop, the best ripening of escapes, the greatest possible accumulation by a plant of plastic substances and won’t allow their expense from long-term wood.
To plan system of protective measures on the grape plantings which have been strongly damaged by winter frosts, we recommend taking into account information on development and density of population of harmful organisms in previous year and to correct it proceeding from features of development in the current year. It will allow to reduce or increase reasonably volume of used pesticides on vineyards depending on a developing fytosanitory situation and real (expected) productivity.
In a case when annual escapes, sleeves and shtamby (long-term wood) aren’t damaged, it is possible to receive rather big crop at the expense of development of plodonosny escapes from replacing kidneys. Therefore, a stock of plastic substances of a bush should suffice for its normal vegetative development and crop formation until the developed escapes and leaves will be connected.
Proceeding from practice of cultivation of grapes, for receiving, at least, productivity in 10 c from hectare (at the most widespread scheme of landing of 3×1,5 m) on a bush it should be created 450 g of a crop, on the average are 3-4 clusters. If the quantity of clusters decreases by 1 bush, the weight of one cluster increases: for technical grades – to 200-220 g, for table grades – respectively above. Thus, 2 clusters on a bush guarantee receiving a crop of 450-500 g from a bush. At productivity of 10 centners from hectare taking into account all costs, including of agrotechnical actions, introduction of pesticides, fuel, of acquisition of means of protection of plants it is possible to spend from 300 to 500 hryvnias for hectare that will allow to carry out 4-5 processings for the vegetative period (at the price of pesticide for 1 processing of 1 hectare of 75-100 UAH.). At such prices – more than it is enough effective preparations. At increase in productivity admissible costs of pesticides, respectively, increase.
Productivity increase on 5-7 centners gives the chance to include in system one more processing reasonably if necessary; at 20-25 c/hectares – 6 processings, at 30 c/hectares it is possible to carry out 6-7 sprayings (on the average the price of pesticides for processing of 1 hectare will make 600 UAH.). Then carrying out protective measures can be begun, as usual, at achievement by escapes of 15-20 cm, then – before and after flowering, in the subsequent every 18-20 days during the whole period of vegetation till August 15 (on late grades – till August 25-30) (tab. 1).
System of protective measures of the industrial grape plantings damaged by frosts
After difficult conditions of rewintering (mass injury of kidneys by frosts) passing at grape plants of the main phenological phases will differ from mean annual indicators. Blooming of kidneys will be non-uniform, for development of replacing kidneys and a hurling back of escapes from kidneys of long-term wood time is necessary. Practice shows that normal development of escapes (on 15-20 cm) it is possible to expect at the best by 3rd decade of May (on May 25-30). Respectively flowering also will be non-uniform and very long (20 days and more).
In this regard, terms of application of pesticides will depend on terms of passing by a grape plant of the main phases of development.
So, the first processing against mildyu and oidiuma is necessary for carrying out before flowering (if there will be no conditions for development mildyu earlier). Further sprayings are carried out depending on weather conditions, but not earlier, than in 21 days. In this case grapes defeat by pathogens in all most susceptible phases of its development is prevented and, if necessary, we have reserve 5th spraying on a case of force-majeur circumstances. It more concerns oidiuma. In case on all vineyard there will be no clusters in general, processings against mildyu are necessary for carrying out only after emergence of the first visual signs of its development (it is necessary to refuse preventive processings).
The mass vymerzaniye of kidneys will lower a stock of the wreckers wintering in them, first of all, of chetyrekhnogy pincers (pochkovy, sheet and felt). Processing from these pincers can be not planned or if necessary to combine it with spraying against a grozdevy listovertka in the middle of July. The Turkestani web tick maintains to – 25oS so on weeds and, especially under snow, will successfully winter. At a choice of strategy of protection against web pincers it is necessary to be guided by results of inspections of grape plantings. If number of pincers in previous year was below EPV (3-5 pincers on a populated leaf), specialized processing akaricidami don’t carry out, and combine spraying with protection against a grozdevy listovyortka, using insektoakaricid. Specialized processing is necessary only in case in the second half of vegetation more than 25 % of the sheet device are damaged in strong degree (5-7 points) and there is a threat of an osypaniye of leaves.
Long-term supervision over features of development of a grozdevy listovertka show that after severe winter of more numerous there will be the 2nd generation. The decision on need of carrying out spraying is accepted by results ulovov butterflies in alarm feromonny traps. Even 5-7 butterflies for days of mass summer in one trap will give 40-50 % of populated clusters (at productivity of 10 c/hectares). Depending on intensity of summer of butterflies during the season possibly carrying out 1-3 processings.
At good care of bushes even on vineyards strongly damaged by frosts it is possible to receive in the current year a crop of grapes and to keep plantings for the subsequent normal operation.
N. Yakushin, manager of department, doctor of agricultural sciences, E.Stranishevskaya, leading research associate, candidate of agricultural sciences, E.Galkin, senior research associate, candidate agricultural naukYA. Radionovsky, senior research associate, candidate of agricultural sciences, A.Kropin, leading research associate, candidate of agricultural sciences.
National institute of grapes and wine.