In article recommendations on the care of crops of winter grain crops during the winter and early-spring period are made to reduce to a minimum possible death or their izrezhennost.
It is known that winter hardiness of the winter depends on many reasons, however annual inspection of production crops showed that in absolute majority of cases the death and an izrezhivaniye of crops occur because of agrotechnology violations, and adverse weather climatic conditions are on the second place.
In many respects winter hardiness of the winter are defined by timeliness and quality of preparation of the soil, selection of winter-hardy grades, a right choice of terms of sowing, depth and uniformity of seal of seeds. At crops into early terms of a plant before leaving in winter develop, accumulate many auxins and during the winter don’t pass to a condition of relative rest. At such plants higher hydrolytic activity of enzyme invertazy remains that testifies to an intensive expenditure of carbohydrates on activity processes. Rather low activity of proteolytic enzymes the smaller quantity albuminov also is considerable and readily soluble globulins point to internal fiziologo-biochemical instability of plants. At weather fluctuations during the winter period they intensively spend plastic substances, weaken, biologically grow old that by spring can lead to their izrezhivaniye and even death.
By long-term skilled data (APP Crimean institute research) and work practice it is established that optimum terms of sowing winter for the Crimea – a period between September 25 and on October 15. At crops in these terms by the end of autumn vegetation the necessary sum of daily average temperatures, according to mean annual data near 500°S is gathered, and at crops in these terms of a plant by the end of autumn vegetation reach a kushcheniye phase, i.e. existence of 2-3 escapes and are the most productive and rather winter-hardy.
In the conditions of autumn of 2005 and winter of 2005-2006, winter periodically stopped and renewed the vegetation because of abnormally warm weather conditions of this period. It is enough to tell that since September 20 till December 10 daily average air temperature didn’t fall below a mark +5,6°S. For this period the sum of daily average temperatures made 787°S that more than in 1,5 times above the necessary sum for achievement winter kushcheniye phases. On January 1, for example, day air temperature reached a point +13°S.
Such weather conditions are especially undesirable to winter barley at which stages organogeneza pass more intensively, in comparison with winter wheat. These facts also cause expediency of later sowing of winter barley (for 7-10 days after winter wheat). Considering abnormally warm for vegetation winter weather conditions it is necessary to be afraid of transition from a kushcheniye phase to an exit phase in a tube, especially on irrigated crops of winter barley, vyseyanny in the beginning or before optimum term of sowing. The outgrown crops are very unstable to influence of low temperatures, especially on a high background of a nitric food.
It is known that at winter crops life cycle proceeds during 2 periods. The first period passes in the autumn – from crops to the steady frosts, the second – begins in the spring and proceeds before grain maturing. For the autumn period the winter should pass two phases of a hardening. The first phase passes late autumn at temperature from +6°S to 00na to light. In these conditions growth of the winter is slowed down, and photosynthesis still remains. The expense of products of photosynthesis as a result decreases and there is an accumulation of sugars. Before leaving in winter at winter crops about 20-25 % of sugars in terms of solid collect.
The second phase of a hardening proceeds at weak frosts (from-2 to-5 °), light existence in this case has no value. When passing the second phase of a hardening there is a continuous outflow of water in mezhkletnik, the contents it in cages decreases. As a result in mezhkletnik of a plant ice is formed, and in contents of cages crystals are absent. Effective increase of frost resistance of plants is reached only at end of both phases of a hardening.
It is by practical consideration established that by the time of transition of daily average temperatures through 5 ° (the termination of the active autumn period of vegetation) frost resistance of winter wheat at their identical development (3 escapes of a kushcheniye) can differ considerably. By calculations of specialists of the Crimean Hydrometeorological center, in the current year critical temperature on a depth of knot of a kushcheniye, for winter barley – 13-140C, for winter wheat – 16-170C.
Except a vymerzaniye, in the conditions of the Crimea, it is possible also a vypiraniye of plants. The last is observed more often when the winter sow on not steam predecessors on late plowing. From soil preparation before crops passes an insignificant interval of time and she doesn’t manage to settle and be condensed. In the winter in the intervals blank by the soil ice is formed, the soil "moves", and there is a break of root system. Then, when thawing, it settles, and plants with the torn-off roots remain on its surface. At an exposure of knots of a kushcheniye in the spring, on such fields it is necessary to carry out a prikatyvaniye annulate shporovymi skating rinks.
For successful rewintering of the winter depth of seal of seeds on which depth of a laying of knot of a kushcheniye substantially depends has importance also.
Whether it is important very much also there is a snow cover. According to determination of this dependence it is established that on the average each centimeter of snow cover (to 10 cm) increases soil temperature on 1°S. At size of snow cover more than 10 cm the temperature of the soil raises all on 0,2-0,4°C on each its centimeter.
Thus, considering settlement critical temperature on a depth of knot of a kushcheniye and existence though small snow cover of 2-6 cm, it is possible to argue that winter grain crops sustained a January wave of a cold snap without serious consequences.
FERTILIZERS OF WINTER GRAIN CROPS
To reduce dependence of winter frosts on harmful influence it is possible at the expense of spring podkormok nitric fertilizers. Thus, in the conditions of warm spring, the lowered doses of nitrogen in podkormkax, in the conditions of late spring – raised are rather effective.
The most important conditions of effective application of fertilizers – timeliness of their introduction. Insufficient providing plants with mobile forms of phosphorus, especially in the beginning their growth, negatively affects a crop, and providing the soil with phosphorus increases winter hardiness of winter crops and reduces their vegetative period. Dangerously and a superfluous nitric food at the beginning of growth and development winter, it leads to decrease in their winter hardiness, defeat by diseases and drowning.
Soils of the Crimea are well provided with potassium. Long-term researches of the APP Crimean institute testifies that introduction didn’t give it a positive effect in the conditions of a waterless valley. But on an irrigation, the tendency to productivity increase, under condition of simultaneous introduction of high doses of nitrogen and phosphorus (160-180 kg of of century of each element) was noted.
It is by practical consideration established that efficiency of effect of nitric fertilizers in top dressing of the winter is shown under condition of security with mobile forms of phosphorus not less than 1,5-2,0 mg/100 of g of the soil.
Experiences showed that in a zone of insufficient moistening for soils with deep level of a zaleganiye of ground waters introduction of various forms of nitric fertilizers, including nitratny, in the autumn under the main processing of the soil or under preseeding cultivation probably, without considerable decrease in their efficiency.
Spring top dressing – not less important agroreception in increase of productivity winter. A plentiful precipitation of the autumn and winter period (160-180 mm from October, 2005 till January, 2006) promoted moving of legkopodvizhny forms of nutritious elements of the top layer of earth to the underlaying.
In the early spring when because of low temperatures and soil remoistening processes of a nitrification are suppressed, and winter after renewal of spring vegetation leave weakened, it is necessary to organize their top dressing not to allow decrease in a crop.
Its efficiency in many respects depends on a condition of plants. It is necessary to feed up all crops which have not received nitrogen since autumn; poorly raskustivshiesya the winter; the crops placed on the worst predshestvenyonik; seed-growing crops. The earlier poseyany winter, the more they spend nitrogen and other nutrients from the soil and the less it remains for formation of high-quality grain the next year. Such crops need to be fed up.
Nitric top dressing stimulates formation of lateral escapes, on each of which roots are formed. There is a communication between the formed escapes and a korneobrazovaniye: the kushcheniye is more long, the there is a korneobrazovaniye process more intensively. Besides, lateral escapes prior to the beginning of an exit give a part to a tube formed assimilyantov to the main escape. Only from the steblevaniye beginning each escape becomes independent. Therefore the first top dressing, in a kushcheniye stage, increases density steblestoya.
As to terms of carrying out top dressing, here it is necessary to consider one circumstance: plants feel need for a food during the spring period only after renewal of vegetation which, according to biological features winter, begins at establishment of daily average temperature +50S and above.
However, at this time the soil, as a rule, pereuvlazhnena that doesn’t allow to carry out top dressing by land units. Therefore practice of earlier term of top dressing in February windows, on so-called "crock" was established.
Conditions of vegetation winter in 2005-2006 very difficult and to introduce fertilizers in top dressing it is necessary to bring closer to renewal of vegetation winter when losses from the brought fertilizer will be minimized. Most fully to these requirements there will correspond conditions when top dressing of the winter will be carried out by means of aircraft or grain seeders vnutripochvenno. When using rotor spreaders of type 1-RMG-4, RUM – 5-03, RUM-3 it is necessary to narrow a little for more uniform distribution of fertilizers a strip of their disorder from recommended by manufacturer.
As a whole, it is necessary to note that carrying out podkormok in February windows or in early-spring terms – quite effectively reasonable agroreception. In the experiences which have been carried out on fields of the APP Crimean institute in 1988-1991 in the conditions of a waterless valley winter wheat without fertilizers gave 38,1 c/hectares, and at top dressing on the thawed and frozen soil ammoniac saltpeter in a dose of N45 of kg of of century – 47,4 c/hectares. The increase from top dressing made 9,3 c/hectares, and at winter barley of 11,9 c/hectares.
Considering that many farms for one reason or another, didn’t introduce mineral fertilizers since autumn, for increase of a crop and its quality it is necessary to carry out surely top dressing that with interest will pay back costs of acquisition and application of fertilizers.
Now it is necessary to conduct systematic survey of all winter crops. Tests on otrashchivaniye are necessary for taking on the areas placed on different predecessors, poseyanny in the different terms, different grades.
Methods for definition of a condition of the winter exists a little: the most widespread and exact is the method an otrashchivaniye of plants in monoliths, then faster definition – an otrashchivaniye in water and coloring of cuts by sour fuchsin which paints covers of dead cages in red color.
Systematic inspections of a condition of the winter will allow to carry out in due time careful leaving and if it is necessary, to carry out having sat down or having changed the weakened and izrezhenny fields.
PROTECTION OF WINTER GRAIN CROPS AGAINST DISEASES AND WRECKERS
Conditions of the autumn and winter period of 2005-2006 promote considerable development of harmful organisms on crops of winter grain crops. Differences of the temperature mode, the increased humidity, a last year’s stock of an infection, a poor-quality protravlivaniye of seeds can cause early manifestation of a rust, mealy dew, septorioza, a virus of a yellow karlikovost of barley (VZhKYa) on the winter grain.
Mealy dew strikes at first the bottom leaves, then passes to the top. Infection occurs during the whole vegetative period. Early crops fall ill in the autumn, by spring they can partially die off, and grain poseyanny in optimum terms are surprised in the spring. To Zagushchennye crops of optimum density are subject to infection several times more strongly, than. Injuriousness of an illness comes to light in reduction of an assimilyatsionny surface, chlorophyll destruction. Intensive development of an illness can cause reduction of quantity and weight of grains and a crop shortage to 15 %, and in days of epifitotiya – 30 % and are more.
The brown rust of wheat appears mainly on leaves, is more rare – on sheet vaginas and stalks. Infection of plants occurs at temperature from +2,5 to +31°S (an optimum +15-25°C) in the presence of dew or rain drops on leaves. Injuriousness of a brown rust depends on time of its emergence in a large number – than earlier it appears, it is more dangerous than subjects. The greatest danger is represented by mass autumn emergence of a brown rust on crops of winter wheat, especially when weather conditions of the next spring and the beginning of summer favor to further development of an illness. Autumn emergence of a rust on crops winter leads to sharp fall of winter hardiness of plants of wheat. Mass flash of a brown rust on its crops in a phase of flowering can cause decrease in productivity twice, and at flash in a phase of dairy ripeness decrease in harvesting can reach 25-28 %.
Septorioz appears on leaves, sheet vaginas, stalks, an ear of winter wheat. Infection occurs in the presence of water drops on plants and temperature in limits +5-30°C (an optimum 20-25°C). Defeat of crops is promoted by late terms of sowing, introduction of only nitric fertilizers, long damp and warm wind weather, a precipitation, especially in a kolosheniye – flowerings. Septorioz leads to reduction of an assimilyatsionny surface, premature drying of leaves and plants, decrease in a grain yield and deterioration of its sowing campaigns and technological qualities. Yield losses can reach 40 %.
Mesh gelmintosporioz barley strikes crops of early terms more. Yield losses at intensity of defeat from 50 to 70 % reach 33-50 %.
In vegetation of the winter grain it is necessary to apply to protection of crops against diseases fungicidy taking into account a range of their action, economic and ecological justification. Expediency of their application is determined by results of inspections of a fytosanitory condition of crops and an expected yield loss at this level of development of diseases on each field. High efficiency of improvement of plants is provided by processing of crops fungicidami: viola super 330 E, s.k.e., bajleton, item page, bumper, k.e., fundazol, item page, impakt 25 S, k.s, kolfugo super, century of century, etc.
Along with diseases, crops of winter crops are harmed by insects – fitofagi. The grain ground beetle harmed considerably to winter crops in the autumn and will continue the food in the spring. Larvae of the grain ground beetle of the third age transfer coolings to – 9°S and can continue a food under snow cover therefore at podseve and resowing winter, damaged by the ground beetle since autumn, it is necessary to accept measures of protection of sowed seeds and shoots, having carried out a toksikatsiya of seeds preparations of insecticidal action (promet – 400CS, 40 % mk.s, a rogor With, 40 % k.s). At existence to a phase of a kushcheniye of 2-3 larvae on 1 sq.m carry out spraying of crops bazudiny, k.e., Volatony, k.e., Nurely D, k.e., etc.
On crops winter intensive development and moving of myshevidny rodents is noted. For identification of inhabited colonies inspection of crops occurring every ten days is necessary and in the presence of 3-5 inhabited colonies on 1 hectare to apply one of preparations: bakterodencid – 2 g, rodenfos – 3 g in a hole, a storm, 0,005 %, wax briquettes – 0,7 – 1,5 kg/hectares or ammoniac water of 150-200 g in a hole.
L.Radchenko, the deputy director on scientific work, K.Zhenchenko, the manager. lab. agriculture, N. Saenko, senior research associate, E.Remeslo, senior research associate, APP Crimean institute.