In article some physiological features of pigs, and, in connection with them are described, ruled their feedings, norm of giving forages, structure of diets for different age groups of animals taking into account the direction of their use: for manufacturing male pigs, sows, podsosny pigs and pigs on a dorashchivaniye, repair young growth, a feeding livestock of the meat and bacon direction.
Pigs – mnogoplodny and early animals that defines a high tension of physiological processes in their organism
Pigs – mnogoplodny and early animals that defines a high tension of physiological processes in their organism. They it is good ispolzuyut a stern of a vegetative and animal origin. However in their diet it is necessary to normalize strictly aminokislotny structure and the content of vitamins of group B.
In structure of prime cost of pork of an expense for forages borrow to 70-80 %, and only the high-grade and balanced feeding is capable to lower them and it is essential to increase intensity of maintaining branch.
Efficiency of energy use and nutrients of the diets intended for sviyony, substantially depends on their age, live weight, a physiological condition, type of feeding and contents conditions. Pigs to 2 – 3-week age well perevarivayut nutrients of forages of an animal origin, especially milk, and it is bad – vegetative. At 10-day age they digest a milk protein for 95-99 %, fish meal – for 80-92 %, and a protein of vegetative forages – for 10-40 %. Adult pigs digest a protein of vegetative forages at level of 72-80 %. It speaks features of development of pishcheyovaritelny system.
Pigs well digest simple sugar – geksozy and starch. However noyovorozhdenny pigs to 25 – 30-day age practically don’t digest sucrose and starch.
Pigs in mass of 20-25 kg acquire a forage practically as adult animals. The exception is made by the cellulose which perevarimost is much higher at adult pigs.
Pigs are capable to use energy of diets effectively. At high-grade feeding at fattened young growth on the average 30-35 % of energy of a forage are reserved in the form of fats and organism proteins. Growing fattened pigs use exchange energy of diets on the average for 67 %, sows – for 75-80 %.
manufacturing male pigs. The quantity and quality of an issue depends on vosproizvoyoditelny qualities of manufacturing male pigs. They should be healthy, have vysoyoky sexual activity. Obesity of male pigs, as well as istoshcheyony, is negatively reflected in sexual activity and quality of a spermoproduktsiya.
In intensive sexual use at them the metabolism and need for pitatelyyony substances considerably raises. At an underfeeding at male pigs the spermoproduktsiya, sexual activity decrease, impregnating ability spermiev worsens.
Norms of a food of male pigs are developed taking into account their intensive use within a year. At the long nesluchny period of norm it is recommended to reduce on all pitayotelny substances: to adult male pigs in live mass of 200-250 kg – for 10 %. Young male pigs and at moderate use feed on norms for normal growth and development.
Feeding and the contents svinomatokdolzhny to provide receiving for a farrow till 10-12 pigs in average live mass of 1,0-1,3 kg, a high molochnost, a sokhranyonost of an issue and mass of pigs to two-month age on the average 18-20 kg.
Feeding of sows should be carried out on norms according to physiological requirement. The most nizyoky requirement at sows – in the first 84 days of a suporosnost, when their metabolism moderate, and adjournment of nutrients in fruits minimum. By preparation of a uterus for copulation or insemination it is necessary to feed them on higher norms.
The last month suporosnost at a uterus the metabolism increases, is postponed at 8-10 times more energy and a protein therefore the strengthened food is required.
Important criterion of correctness of feeding of a suporosny uterus – a gain of weight of a body during a suporosnost. For a uterus till 2 years it should make 50-55 kg, 2 years – 35-40 kg are more senior.
Especially the need of a uterus for energy and nutritious veshhestvax in a lactation increases. Per day the laktiruyushchy uterus makes about 6 kg of milk which contains on the average 28,2 MDZh of energy, 380 g of protein, 430 g of fat, 270 g of dairy sugar and 72 g of mineral substances. Taking into account it make separate diets for a uterus single, in the first 84 days of a suporosnost, the last 30 days of a suporosnost and in a lactation.
To uterus of low or high fatness of norm of feeding correct: on 100 g of a daily average gain – 0,4 sterns. unit, or 4,4 MDZh of exchange energy. Suporosnykh of pigs aged till 2 years irrespective of their live weight is recommended to feed on norms of an adult uterus in live mass of 181-200 kg.
On each 100 kg of live weight it is necessary for single uterus to feed 1,5-1,8 sterns. a unit, suporosny in the first 84 days – 1,2 and the last 30 days – 1,5-1,7 sterns. a unit, in a lactation – 1,5 sterns. unit and in addition 0,33-0,38 sterns. a unit (the earlier depriving of pigs, the less additive) on each podsosny pig.
It is necessary to supplement diets of sows with juicy and rough sterns. It prevents obesity. Podsosnym a uterus are given more concentrates as they spend reserve nutrients of the body for production of milk.
During a farrow and during the first hours after it a uterus don’t feed, but surely give to drink fresh warm water. In 5-6 h after a farrow it is possible to feed 0,5-0,7 kg of concentrates in the form of a bolyotushka, and in the following feeding quantity of forages increase and gradually within 5-7 days lead up to norm. Juicy forages start to give from 3-4th day after a farrow.
Before depriving of pigs to a uterus for reduction of allocation of milk reduce the general feeding level and exclude juicy forages. In day of depriving feed polovinu a daily diet, and then them transfer to norm of feeding of a single and supoyorosny uterus.
Pigs on a suction. The number sosunov at a uterus should correspond to number of operating nipples. Superfluous pigs otsazhivayut to less mnogoplodny uterus. From first days of life of pigs provide with water. For the anemia prevention to pigs inekciruyut a ferriferous preparation in 2 – 3-day and at 3-week age.
To 3-week age the need of pigs for nutrients is generally satisfied with milk of mother. To feed up them begin with 7 – 10-day age.
To each pig to 2-month’s age feed to 20 kg of milk and obrata. Them give fresh or specially skvashenny (acidophile milk). Further to milk add a little compound feed. Quality and full value of compound feeds have crucial importance in successful cultivation of pigs. Usually compound feeds for them prepare according to special recipes.
Pigs on a dorashchivaniye. The dorashchivaniye period for pigs (to 4-month’s age) transitional from dairy to vegetative sterns. Feeding should be high-grade and provide a gain of weight of a body in 400-500 g.
On 100 kg of live weight pigs in weight to 40 kg need 5,5-6,0 sterns. unit and no more than 4-4,5 kg of solid; on 1 sterns. a unit 120 g of a perevarimy protein should have; the maintenance of a lysine in solid should be not less than 0,9 % and methionine – 0,54.
For development and durability of skeleton of pigs in solid of a diet should contain calcium of 0,93 % and phosphorus of 0,76 %. Table salt into a diet enter at the rate of 0,3 % to a dry feed.
To 4-month’s age pigs not completely use forage carotene. Therefore 50 % of requirement cover with vitamin A preparations.
Pigs are given good-quality legkoperevarimy forages: oats without a film, barley (is slightly worse – wheat, corn), carrots, a grass bean in butonizatsiya stages, soya, sunflower oil cakes and shroty Isorta. A good source of a protein and a lysine for pigs – peas. Forages of an animal origin are necessary: obrat, a fish and myasokostny meal, and mineral – precipitat, a bone flour, swept.
Feeding of repair young growth provides receiving healthy, strong, with well developed frame and muscles of animals with daily average prirostami 600-650 g.
In cultivation of repair young growth to live weight of 80-90 kg when animals have an intensive growth of muscular and bone fabrics, it is necessary to apply high norms of feeding and to watch full value of diets. In the subsequent feeding limit.
In cultivation of animals with 40 to 80 kg the maintenance of cellulose in solid should make 6,4 %, and with 81 to 120-150 kg – 8,1 %. It warns obesity. For a normal state of frame in diet solid for repair young growth at live mass of 40-80 kg there should be 0,93 % of calcium and 0,76 % of phosphorus, and at mass of 80-120-150 kg – respectively 0,87 and 0,72 % (or counting on 1 sterns. a calcium unit – 7,6-7,8 g and phosphorus – 6,2-6,5 g). Table salt in a diet there should be 0,58 % to solid.
Diets of repair young growth make from concentrated (60-85 % on nutritiousness) and juicy (10-25 %), especially green, forages. It is better to give green material of bean and cereal and bean herbs, kombisilosy, a grassy flour. They increase full value of a diet and promote development of digestive organs. Need for a protein and amino acids satisfy with oil cakes and shrotami, peas and sterns of an animal origin.
It is desirable for repair young growth to provide pastures or vygulny platforms for active physical exercise.
Otkorm. It is most favorable meat otkorm when the gain of live weight of pigs makes 600-700 g per day and they reach weight of 100-120 kg in 6,5 – 7,5-month’s age at an expense for 1 kg of a gain of 4-4,5 sterns. unit. It is possible at observance of norms of feeding.
The diet depends on type otkorma: meat or bacon. The feeding is more plentiful, the quicker pigs reach final weight and the less they spend forages for additional weight unit.
Meat otkormmozhno messages on various sterns: concentrates, a beet, kombisilose, food wastes, with use of a grass, etc. The maintenance of cellulose shouldn’t exceed 6 % to solid. Prepare kormosmesi from grain, oil cakes, shrotov, peas, a soya (12-15 %), a grassy lyutsernovy flour (3-5 %), a fodder lysine, a bone flour, chalk, salt with microcells. Thus receive pork with the smaller content of fat in a touch.
At bacon fatten live weight aged till 8 months should make not less than 80-105 kg, thickness of salted pork fat over awned shoots of the 6-7th chest vertebras, not including thickness of a skin – 1,5-3,5 see.
The forages promoting receiving high-quality bacon – barley, a rye (to 30-40 % on power nutritiousness), millet, peas, a lupine, Vick, and also the removed milk, a meat and myasokostny flour.
Oil cakes, fish waste and fat fish meal, molasses, bran, oats, soya, corn worsen quality of bacon. Them feed to pigs in limited quantity or exclude from a diet in a month or two up to the end otkorma.
For receiving high-quality bacon in a diet include juicy (korneklubneplody), green forages and good-quality kombisilos.
Item OSTAPCHUK, candidate of agricultural sciences, head of laboratory of animal husbandry of the APP UAAN Crimean institute.