In article the description of biotechnology of cultivation nuta is provided in conditions
droughty climate, characteristic for a steppe zone of Ukraine.
Nut (Cicerarietinum) – the most ancient culture of world agriculture which on the area of crops (12 million hectares) takes now the third place among leguminous cultures after a soya and haricot. In Ukraine its production crops while are insignificant, but their area annually increases and in 2006 made 33 thousand hectares.
Value nuta as food product, is defined by high flavoring and fodder qualities of grain which contains 20-32 % of the protein balanced on aminokislotny structure, and close to ideal FAO protein, 43-59 % of carbohydrates, 4-8 % of fat, vitamins of the group A, B, C, D, E, carotene, mineral substances (phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, calcium) and other valuable connections. Grades nuta are used by Svetlozernye, generally in the food purposes (production of canned food, confectionery, preparation of soups and porridges, coffee substitutes). Temnozernye grades go on the fodder purposes.
Nut cultivate in the countries with droughty climate. Among leguminous cultures nut possesses the greatest stability to high temperatures, dry winds, dust storms, a hail. Thanks to it, it has big prospects for cultivation in the conditions of hot and droughty climate, characteristic for a steppe zone of Ukraine, especially in the conditions of considerable reduction of the area of irrigated lands.
At the same time, nut treats and holodostoyky cultures, winning first place among leguminous cultures on frost resistance. Its seeds start to sprout at soil temperature 2-4°S, and shoots maintain frosts to a minus 8-10 ° With therefore nut sow in early terms at the same time with early grain crops.
Nut it is undemanding to predecessors and itself is the excellent predecessor for the majority of crops. It early releases a field and creating favorable conditions for preparation of the soil and moisture accumulation. Nut it is possible to grow up after bakhchevy, commercial, grain crops on chernozem, chestnut, solonetzic soils. It is most expedient to place it in a crop rotation link winter wheat – nut – winter wheat. Especially it is valuable to farms which specialize on a zernoproizvodstvo. However on the same field nut grow up not earlier, than in four years, in order to avoid accumulation of phytopathogens.
Plants nuta in symbiosis with klubenkovy bacteria of a type of Mesorhizobiumcicerisposobny to acquire for vegetation to 80-150 kg/hectares of nitrogen of the atmosphere and to create big crops without application of expensive, power-intensive and ecologically unsafe mineral nitric fertilizers. To 30 % of the biological fixed nitrogen remains in the posleukosny and root remains, it is used by the subsequent cultures.
In soils of Ukraine there are no native klubenkovy bacteria nuta and plants form a crop at the expense of mineral nitrogen of the soil and fertilizers. Sometimes separate plants form large individual klubenki, initiated by bacteria which are brought with seeds. Thus high efficiency of a symbiotic azotfiksatsiya therefore in technologies of cultivation nuta preseeding processing of seeds by biological products on the basis of selection strains of M of ciceri should be obligatory agroreception that will provide a simbiotrofny food of plants by nitrogen and an introduction of these bacteria in soil mikrobocenozy isn’t provided.
We from soils of Ukraine methods of koordinirovanny selection with modern grades of bean plants received highly effective strains of M of ciceriH-12, PN-12, N-18, N-27, NS-6, 065. These strains can be used as a basis of a biological product of Rizobofit for nuta. It is necessary to note that at nuta a certain high-quality specificity of interaction with strains of M of ciceri is observed.
Long-term researches showed that the nitraginizatsiya nuta highly effective strains of M of ciceri, genetically complementary grades Rosanna, Alexandrite, Smachny, Memory, Luganets, Triumph in the Crimea and Odessa region raised a grain yield on 1,8-4,0 c/hectares, and in favorable years on a vlagoobespecheniye – to 8,3 c/hectares. Thus the content of protein in grain at the same time increased by 2,2-4,5 absolute percent.
In field experiments on the chernozem southern in which it was not revealed klubenkovy bacteria nuta, the inokulyatsiya of seeds of a new krupnozerny grade Triumph provided formation on roots 5-13 active azotfiksiruyushchy klubenkov. As a result of highly effective symbiosis the increase in productivity of grain at 4,0-11,1 c/hectares (tab.) is received. Strains of M of ciceriH-12, PN-12, NS-6 which provided productivity of grain on 3,6-5,2 c/hectares (11,7-16,9 %) more than a production strain 527 were more complementary to a genotype of this grade.
Table
Efficiency of an inokulyatsiya strains of Mesorhizobiumcicerinuta of a grade Triumph (field experiments on the chernozem southern, the Crimea, an average for 2005-2006)
Note. N. And. – nitrogenazny activity.
In the first weeks after shoots nut slowly grows and it is strongly oppressed by weeds. For decrease in a contamination of crops it is expedient to get rid of long-term weeds since autumn agrotechnical methods or application of herbicides of continuous action on a basis glifosata (Raundap, the Snow-storm, Hurricane) which doesn’t render negative postaction on bean rizobialnyj symbiosis. Early summer weeds are rather effectively destroyed by preseeding cultivation, to – and poslevskhodovy boronovaniye.
All protravitel to some extent ingibiruyut education klubenkov also reduce their azotfiksiruyushchy activity. Fundazol, Vitavaks treat less toxic and Bavistin. Instead of chemical fungicidov for suppression root gnily and other diseases nuta it is expedient to use preparations of microorganisms – antagonists of phytopathogens: Biopolitsid, Hetomik, Fitosporin, Batsifor, Trikhodermin which don’t concede to them by efficiency and don’t render negative influence on symbiosis nuta with klubenkovy bacteria. Microbes antagonists, breeding in a rizosfer and on roots of plants, create a protective barrier from phytopathogens throughout all vegetation.
Plants nuta, thanks to allocation by ferruterous hairs of ant acid, have natural protection against insects and are steady against wreckers, in particular, to pea and bean zernovka. However in recent years with extremely high temperatures in a steppe zone of Ukraine the vyedaniye of green beans nuta is observed by various scoops, thus yield losses reach 18-40 %. For fight against such wreckers are effective one – or two times processings of crops in a phase of the beginning of flowering of plants – there began a boboobrazovaniya insecticides: Fyyuri (10 % of century e., 0,07-0,10 l/hectares), Sherp (25 % k.e., 0,2-0,3 l/hectares), Detsis (25 % k.e., 0,3 l/hectares) or microbic entomotsidny preparations on the basis of Bacillusthuringiensis strains: Bitoksibatsillin, Lepidotsid which Pastelike forms are developed in YuOS ISHM UAAN.
Process of a symbiotic azotfiksatsiya is carried out at the expense of energy of photosynthesis and functionally with it is interconnected. For a photosynthesis intensification for the purpose of increase of efficiency of plants in modern agriculture widely use regulators of growth of plants, however not all of them are compatible to a nitraginizatsiya. To regulators of growth of the plants, strengthening a klubenkoobrazovaniye and a symbiotic azotfiksatsiya nuta, Wheaten extract, Gumisol, Lentekhnin, Emistim With, Agrostimulin, Triman’s Synthetic phytohormones, DG-67, DG-82 and bacterial preparations of complex action belong: Agrofil, Flavobakterin, Fosfoenterin, Biopolitsid. In recommended doses these preparations apply to processing of seeds at the same time with a nitraginizatsiya that increases its efficiency for 14-37 %.
Nut consumes more phosphorus, than grain crops, and the lack of this element can limit a symbiotic azotfiksatsiya, reducing efficiency of plants. Under the main processing of the soil bring 30-60 kg/hectares of phosphoric fertilizers counting on R2O5. For the best assimilation by plants of almost insoluble organic and mineral phosphates of the soil and fertilizers, employees of YuOS created a preparation on the basis of fosfatmobilizuyushchy bacteria – Fosfoenerin.
To get biological products and to receive additional information on technology of their application it is possible in the Southern experimental station of ISHM UAAN to the address: 97513, AR Crimea, Simferopol area, pgt Guards, K.Marksa St., 107.
Phone (80652) 32-34-76, fax 32-30-50, e-mail:.
N TOLKACHYOV, S. DIDOVICH, S. ABDURASHITOV.
Southern experimental station of Institute of agricultural microbiology of UAAN.