Conditions of autumn of 2006 were adverse for crops of winter crops because of the raised temperature mode and low humidity of the soil.
In article there is a speech about problems which can arise in this regard on winter grain during the winter and spring period of 2007, and ways of overcoming of these problems.
On the crop’s eve of 2007 in the Crimea poseyano 447,8 thousand hectares of winter grain crops, from them winter wheat – 342,5tys.ga, winter barley – 104.2 thousand hectares. Conditions of autumn of 2006 were adverse for crops of winter crops because of the raised temperature mode and low humidity of the soil therefore the main areas were sowed in optimum or after optimum terms. In the main territory of the Crimea shoots are received at the end of October – the beginning of November, after loss of an economic useful precipitation.
The inspections of the crops which have been carried out in the second decade of January in the main regions of a zernoseyaniye, testify that all crops are in a good and satisfactory condition. 11 thousand hectares of the outgrown winter are noted. It, generally crops of the Black Sea, Lenin, Razdolnensky areas where in September a precipitation dropped out, and sowing was begun in is admissible early terms. In a number of farms of the May Day area on winter wheat, poseyanny at the beginning of optimum terms on the steam predecessor, plants are in a kushcheniye phase with formation of 2-5 escapes at height of plants of 20-25 cm and are at the 3rd stage organogeneza. In other farms of these areas on crops of early terms shoots appeared much later, at the moment of inspection of a plant there was in a phase a beginning of differentiation of a cone of increase and a laying of rudimentary stem knots and interstices (the 2nd stage organogeneza). The same condition of crops winter is noted and in east regions of the Crimea where crops of the early terms even placed on steam predecessors, lacked some moisture and ascended 2-3 weeks later after crops, and on sternevy and propashny predecessors shoots appeared only at the beginning of November after loss hozyaystvenno a useful precipitation.
On forecasts of hydrometeorological services, weather in February is expected without considerable fall of air temperature that won’t cause special fears for rewintering of the winter. Despite a favorable forecast of further development winter, it is necessary to carry out inspections of crops periodically.
Fytosanitory condition. Conditions of the autumn and winter period of 2006-2007 promote considerable development of harmful organisms on crops of winter grain crops. At present in Kirovsk, the Soviet, Nizhnegorsky areas development root gnily on winter grain (distribution of an illness of 10-12 %) is revealed. On winter wheat initial manifestation of mealy dew, on winter barley – gelchintosporiozny a spottiness is everywhere noted on winter wheat. From above-mentioned diseases the greatest fear is caused by the root decayed.
On crops on sternevy predecessors fresh damages by the grain ground beetle are noted, number of the wrecker makes 1-2 copies on sq.m, it is necessary therefore to be ready to chemical protection of crops.
Special problem this year is the contamination of crops of winter grain crops. Inspections showed that their contamination is higher than average (more than 25-50 pieces of weeds on sq.m) therefore processing of crops by herbicides can be begun and during the early-spring period in the presence of 3-36 copies of weeds on sq.m depending on dominating types.
Top dressing of the winter. Entering of nitric fertilizers into top dressing not in all years effectively. The essential increase from it was under our conditions received in years with cold and early spring when biological developments of plants are slowed down. In this case a food of plants at renewal of vegetation goes mainly at the expense of nitrogen of fertilizers. In years with fast increase of heat and in the droughty spring when the top layer is overdried and nitric fertilizers can’t be used by plants, the effect from top dressing insignificant or it absolutely isn’t present. It is necessary to consider that on top dressing crops on fields where mineral or organic fertilizers weren’t brought under the main processing of the soil or under preseeding cultivation are most sympathetic.
The optimum norm considered introduction of 30-35 kg of active ingredient of nitrogen on hectare. In this case it is possible to expect a crop increase within 2-4 c/hectares. Higher norms of top dressing as showed numerous skilled data, didn’t pay off a crop increase. Thus it is necessary to consider that the effect from introduction of nitrogen will be only if the content of phosphorus in the soil not less than 1,5-2 mg/100 of g of the soil. If the maintenance of this element low, on such soils it is necessary to apply in the spring top dressing at the same time with nitric and phosphoric fertilizers.
Considering specifics of influence of forms of nitric fertilizers on growth and development winter, nitratny forms are better for using for the main introduction, ammoniac – for spring podkormok. Ammoniac saltpeter more all is suitable for top dressing at early renewal of vegetation because it comprises also an ammoniac form which is more available and is quickly acquired by plants, and nitratny, with longer term of assimilation.
Defining carrying out terms podkormok winter, it is necessary to consider more effective use of nitrogen of mineral fertilizers at renewal of spring vegetation. Introduction them long before renewal of vegetation reduces nitrogen efficiency for 10-48 %, depending on term of renewal of spring vegetation that speaks activity of the nekrofilny denitrifitsiruyushchy bacteria which are actively developing in cold and rehumidified soils.
The majority of farms carry out top dressing to February "windows" on the talomerzly soil as at the moment of vegetation renewal more often the soil pereuvlazhnena that complicates carrying out these works without aircraft use.
More effectively to carry out top dressing after renewal of spring vegetation, as soon as possible an exit in the field, grain seeders of the SZ-3,6 type.
It is inexpedient to carry out top dressing on snow, especially on slopes and at the chilled soil. In this case the most part of fertilizers can "leave" out of limits of a sowing layer. Sequence of carrying out podkormok the following:
• seed sites;
• crops where winter well ascended, but it is weak raskustilis since autumn;
• the crops placed on the worst predecessors;
crops not received mineral fertilizers under the main processing or under preseeding cultivation.
It is necessary to give special attention to the outgrown crops. Crops at which the first interstice is at height more than one centimeter from a soil surface belong to the outgrown winter. Suspend further growth of such crops only the minus temperature can. The outgrown crops the least winter-hardy therefore will be most subject to a vymerzaniye. At favorable rewintering and early renewal of vegetation they most need in spring podkormkax nitrogen.
Protection of crops of ozimykhzernovy cultures against wreckers, diseases and weeds.
Increase in the areas under crops of grain grains of cultures, violation of technology of cultivation (the choice of the predecessor, sowing terms, quality of disinfecting of a sowing material etc.), change of hydrothermal conditions in vegetation promote formation of the raised stock of an infection on fields.
Conditions the autumn – the winter period of 2006-2007 promoted considerable development of harmful organisms on crops of winter grain crops. The last year’s stock of an infection under favorable weather conditions can cause in the spring early manifestation of the whole complex of diseases. Development on winter grain listostebelny diseases will depend in many respects on developing weather conditions. If the spring is warm and damp, on winter wheat of early and optimum terms of sowing mealy dew, a brown sheet rust will develop; on winter barley, except for late crops – mealy dew, gelmintosporiozny a spottiness. In the autumn in some regions of the Crimea defeat of crops root gnilyami is revealed. On such crops it is recommended to carry out spraying fundazoly at establishment of a temperature mode +7-8 ° S.Dlya of protection of crops against a complex of diseases it is necessary to apply fungicidy a wide range of action – Alto-super of 330 EU, k.e. – 0,4 – 0,5 l/hectares, Impakt, 25 SC, k.s. – 0,5 l/hectares, the Absolute – 1,5 l/hectares, Amistar Ekstra 280 k.s, Derozal, k.s. – 0,5 l/hectares, etc. Expediency of their application determine by results of fytosanitory inspection of a condition of crops which experts in protection of plants should see off.
Crops of winter grains can be damaged by cereal plant louses among whom dominates Big cereal and Ordinary more often. Injuriousness of a plant louse consists in weakening of plants and in transfer of an infection of a virus of a yellow karlikovost of barley (VZhKYa). It is not necessary to reduce risk from distribution of a plant louse because threat of infection of crops of VZhKYa in the spring remains. The virus is very harmful and extends on all bodies. On leaves the illness is shown in the form of pozhelteniye and reddenings, oppression of growth and a karlikovost can be observed. The damaged ear is defective with puny grain, has a brown oily shade, and at the end of vegetation blackens, the shortage of a crop can make 20-30 %. Against cereal plant louses and flies it is possible to apply Bi-58 of New, 40 % k.e. – 1,5 l/hectares, Bazudin, 600 EW, 60 % of century e. – 1,5 l/hectares, Detsis Forte, k.e. – 0,05 l/hectares, Zolon, k.e. – 1,5 l/hectares, Danadim, 40 % k.e.-1,0-1,5 l/hectares, Rogor-S, k.e.-1,5 l/hectares. In fight against a plant louse as are effective: Kinmiks, 5 % k.e. – 0,2 l/hectares, Sherp, 25 % k.e.-0,2 l/hectares, Fastak, 10 % k.e. – 0,2 l/hectares, Fyyuri, 10 % of century e. – 0,07 l/hectares.
In the spring threat of distribution of the grain ground beetle remains. According to Republican station of protection of plants, population by the grain ground beetle during the autumn period it is revealed on the area of 70 thousand hectares. At inspection of crops of winter grain crops, on January 15 of this year, larvae of the grain ground beetle are in the second age and continue to eat actively, it is necessary therefore to be ready to chemical protection of crops. Against the grain ground beetle it is possible to apply insecticides: Damascus, century e. – 1,5-1,8 l/hectares, Nurel D, k.e. – 0,75-1,0 l/hectares, Dragoon, k.e.-1,2 l/hectares, Fostran, k.e. 1,5 l/hectares, Cyclone, k.e.-0,1-0,15 l/hectares, etc.
Special problem this year is the contamination of crops of winter grain crops. Inspections of crops showed that the contamination is higher than average (more than 25-50 pieces of weeds on sq.m) therefore processing of crops by herbicides can be begun during the early-spring period at existence of 3-36 copies on sq.m depending on dominating types. At a choice of the program of application of herbicides it is necessary to consider the following factors:
1. The cultural development phase, the planned cultures in a crop rotation the next 3 years:
2. Being reckoned the weeds, dominating types, quantity by types of weeds on sq.m., the sizes of weeds;
3. Structure, rN soil solution;
4. Speed and the wind direction, humidity of the soil, air temperature, possibility of loss of a precipitation after introduction of herbicides.
5. Equipment control;
6. Possibility and cost of repeated spraying.
On winter grain spraying by herbicides is necessary for carrying out, since the most developed crops and to carry out to an exit winter to a tube. In the conditions of cool spring at the lowered temperature mode application of preparations on the basis of 2,4 D will be inefficient, it is desirable therefore to process herbicides which "work", since +5 With (Lintur, 70 WG of century of of-0,15 kg/hectares, Grodil Ultra, century of g – 0D-0,15 kg/hectare, Granstar, century of of-15 g/hectares etc.). It is not recommended to carry out processing of cultural plants which are in a stressful condition preparations on the basis of metsulfuron-methyl (Gerbilan, page of the item, Laren, 60 % of page of the item, the Magnum, EL of, the Battle ship, century of, Saratsin, item page, the Range, item page etc.). When processing the cultural plants being in the weakened and stressful condition, it is recommended to apply lateral mixes of herbicides with growth regulators (Mars – EL, Agate – 25 To, the Pendant).
For increase of efficiency of processing of crops from weeds we recommend to use the combined mixes of herbicides on the basis of two – three active ingredients (lateral mixes).
L. RADCHENKO, deputy director of the APP Crimean institute.