It is a question of experiments on introduction of new technology of a laying of these gardens which are carried out by fruit growers of the Nikitsky botanical garden.
The main direction of cultural development of a peach and nectarine in Ukraine now – reorientation of gardening to placement of gardens in optimum soil climatic conditions. It will provide high efficiency and durability of plantings. Researches of agroecologists and fruit growers of the Nikitsky botanical garden (V.F.Ivanov, A.S.Ivanova, N.E.Opanasenko, V.A.Ryabov and S.A.Kosykh) allocated for cultivation of kostochkovy fruit crops optimum zones in Odessa region. It is, partially, Bolgradsky, Suvorovsky, Kiliysky, Tatarbunarsky, Artsizsky, Saratsky, Belgorod – Dniester, Belyaevsky, Razdolnensky, Kominternovsky, Gevanovsky and Great areas Mikhaylovsky. In this favorable zone V.I.Yakushev recommended 13 grades of a peach: Fluffy Early, Kiev Early, Juicy, Lebedev, Zlatogor, Soviet, the Tourist, Success, Mayakovsky and others that makes 8 % of total area of the kostochkovy.
Industrial plantings of a nectarine in Odessa region until recently wasn’t, as it is still insufficiently studied.
One of important problems of gardening of Odessa region – absence or limitation uterine cherenkovyx plantings and a landing material of new perspective grades of a nectarine and a peach. It constrains wide introduction in production of a new sortiment, complicates theoretical generalizations of results of selection and constrains building in Ukraine of a gross crop of fruits. Thus, introduction acceleration in production of Odessa region of new grades of a nectarine and a peach – an actual task.
The work purpose – the accelerated creation uterine cherenkovogo a garden of the zoned and perspective grades of a nectarine and a peach under production conditions Odessa region.
Research problems – to study features of biology of privoyno-podvoyny components of a nectarine and a peach on dichka of almonds, vyseyanny on a constant place it is direct in a garden, passing the first and the second weeding nursery, with the subsequent okulirovka.
Conditions, objects and methods of researches
Work is executed in Alexander Volosatogo’s farm, in the village Russian Ivanovka Belgorod – the Dniester area, Odessa region. Preparation of seeds of almonds for crops, cultivation of dichok in a garden, an okulirovka, leaving for okulyantami and annual saplings in a garden carried out on the standard technology. The best genotypes of selection NBS-NNTs on five grades are selected for an okulirovka: a nectarine – Amethyst, Krymchanin, Nikitsky 85, Ruby 4, Ruby 7; a peach – Pontiysky, Ruddy Nikitsky, Harmony, Youth, Anniversary Early. The scheme of placement of plants – 5m x 4 m (the 500th village/hectare). Total area of a skilled and production garden – 10 hectares. In work B. N. Ageev’s recommendations about a laying of a garden by crops of seeds of stocks on a constant place with the subsequent okulirovka of dichok in a garden are used; methodical recommendations of N of N. Scrap about a laying of a peach garden in the through-way on seyanets of almonds ordinary on sites with the raised contents in the soil of carbonates where it is impossible to apply other stocks; I.N.Ryabov’s methodical recommendations Sortoizucheniye and primary sortoispytaniye of kostochkovy fruit crops in the State Nikitsky botanical garden.
Results of researches
Primary sortoizucheniye of a nectarine (seven grades and elite forms) selections and introductions of the Nikitsky botanical garden in Odessa region on traditional technology (grown up in nursery and landed by saplings in a garden) was carried out by A.P.Trofanyuk at the Odessa state agrarian university (1972-1990).
For creation of highly productive gardens and test of under production conditions accelerated way of a bookmark uterine cherenkovogo a research-and-production garden new grades, us put new experience in Odessa region, differing that a stock (the almonds ordinary) were landed in April, 2002 directly in a garden with the subsequent okulirovka of dichok in a garden.
Seyantsa of almonds, vyseyanny in a garden, successfully developed. By the end of vegetation of 2002 they were well developed and suitable for an okulirovka. The height of dichok reached the 80-150th. Diameter of a root neck at seyanets of almonds in a place of an okulirovka varied from 0,5 to 1,5 see Okulirovk of dichok in a garden was carried out in the third decade of August, 2002 by new grades of a nectarine and a peach of selection of the Nikitsky botanical garden. The Srostayemost and safety of zaokulirovanny eyes were high. The Prizhivayemost okulyantov reached 80-90 %. Stocks on which zaokulirovanny grades in 2002, okulirovali repeatedly in August, 2003 didn’t get accustomed.
Coevals of a nectarine and peach during vegetation developed successfully, reaching height from 100 to 150 see. On premature and main escapes of annual saplings by the end of the first year of vegetation in 2003 generativny kidneys were stuffed up. The first fructification is noted for the second year of life okulyantov in 2004. The number of fruits varied from 5 to 25 pieces on one tree. The mass of a fruit of the first year of fructification made: at a nectarine – 100-120 g, at a peach – 120-130 g. On appearance and flavoring advantages fruits corresponded to pomologichesky descriptions of the studied grades.
On traditional technology grow up nectarine and peach saplings in the first and second fields of nursery. On the first field land stocks, which in the same year okuliruyut. On the second field of nursery grow up coevals, and in the autumn they dig out, then land in a garden. It is necessary to note that the first fructification at saplings of a nectarine and the peach which has been grown up on this technology, note for the third or fourth year of life. Thus in one and a half-two time term of their introduction in fructification in comparison with the saplings which have been grown up on through-technology increases.
Thus, a laying of a garden of a nectarine and a peach in the through-way by crops of seeds of almonds ordinary on a constant place with the subsequent okulirovka in the conditions of Odessa region – the perspective and priority direction in gardening of Ukraine. This way allows to accelerate twice introduction in production of new grades of domestic selection.
Conclusions
Experience of a laying of plantings of a nectarine and peach crops of seeds of a stock in a garden with the subsequent okulirovka twice reduces a cultivation cycle okulyantov, the entry into the period of the first fructification of trees, and also accelerates introduction in production of the new selection grades which have been grown up in the through-way in a garden; allows to create within two years of vegetation productive uterine cherenkovye gardens to 500 trees of each new grade.
E. SHOFERISTOV, the leading research associate, the Dr.Sci.Biol., the Nikitsky botanical garden – National scientific center (NBS-NNTs), Yalta, AR Crimea, Ukraine.