In article recommendations about fight against soya diseases are made: white decay, false mealy dew, bacterial burn, septoriozy and wreckers: Akatsiyevy ognevka, web tick, lyutsernovy sovka, meadow moth, klubenkovy weevils and various bugs.
The soya is harmed by more than 30 causative agents of diseases and 50 species of insects
The soya is harmed by more than 30 causative agents of diseases and 50 species of insects. Damage its mushroom, bacterial and virus pathogens. The mushroom infection affects leaves, stalks, roots and generativny bodies. In the south of Ukraine big harm bring fuzariozy shoots which cause decay of roots, withering of plants and rotting of seeds. In the cold spring the death of shoots from fuzarioza can reach more than 40 %. The illness has, as a rule, ochagovy character. Often in a phase of the second or third real leaf separate plants wither. Sometimes loss of plants is observed even in a phase of flowering and naliva beans. At such plants near a root neck dark brown strips and spots are visible. In damp weather in places of defeat there is a whitish-pink vatopodobny raid of a mycelium of a mushroom. The infection remains in the soil and on seeds. On extent of defeat the great influence is rendered by cleaning and storage conditions. Seeds with the increased humidity are surprised more strongly. Grades recommended for cultivation possess sufficient level of field stability to fuzariozny defeat.
White decay (sklerotiniya) puts special harm at cultivation of this culture in the conditions of an irrigation. Its characteristic feature is existence of a white raid or vatoobrazny weight on the lower part of a stalk. The sklerotiniya mycelium easily takes root in stalks, chereshkov and beans. Stalks of sick plants easily break on separate parts and in their middle black sklerotsiya are appreciable. The illness is shown during the vegetative period, but is the most frequent in a butonizatsiya and flowering phase. The struck plants perish together with being poured beans within 4-5 days.
The activator of white decay remains in the form of a mycelium on the vegetative remains and seeds, sklerotsiya keep the viability in the soil within 3 years. Arcady’s grades Odessa, Altair, Chernoburaya, Success, Maryana possess good field stability to sklerotiniozny decay, and also to false mealy dew (peroposporozu) and septoriozu. It is necessary to apply system of the agrotechnical actions constraining development of harmful organisms, and chemical processing of elevated parts of plants to fight against pathogens. Observance of the correct crop rotation leads to increase of productivity of a soya and sharp decrease in quantity of harmful pathogens in the soil. It is not necessary to place a soya after sunflower as they have such general illness, as a sklerotiniya. Soya crops near long-term herbs also aren’t allowed. Zyablevy plowing, optimum terms of sowing, use of healthy seeds promote decrease in an infection. Timely destruction of weeds on fields, roadsides of fields and roads is a component of system of actions for fight against diseases.
At emergence of symptoms of false mealy dew, a bacterial burn, septorioza crops of a soya spray 1 %-nym solution of bordeaux liquid in a dose of 2 kg/hectares. If necessary processing is repeated by 2-3 times in 7-10 days. For this purpose use sprayers POM-630 (POU), OP – 2000 – 2-01, OPSh-15 and opylivatel to OSH-50A. Norm of a consumption of working liquid – 300-500 l/hectares. This operation can be carried out also by means of aircraft.
From wreckers the greatest harm to a soya the akatsiyevy ognevka, a web tick, lyutsernovy a scoop bring, various bugs, a meadow moth, klubenkovy weevils and others.
The butterfly of an akatsiyevy ognevka has yellowish-gray wings with white and rusty and yellow cross-section strips. Back wings light gray with a dark strip along the edges. A caterpillar of dirty and green color with indistinctly expressed dark reddish strips. In the south of Ukraine the akatsiyevy ognevka usually deduces during vegetation of 2-3 generations. Females postpone eggs on zavyaz fruits and young beans. Caterpillars of the first generation eat seeds of a yellow acacia, peas and the Wicca, the second and the third – seeds of a soya and a white acacia. On the damaged beans small roundish openings, and beans outstanding and puny outside are visible. Caterpillars live in beans about a month, quite often passing from one to another. Then they fall to the soil, pupate and there winter. It is proved that from damage by this wrecker 1-2 c of seeds of a soya on each hectare are lost.
The web tick settles and breeds mainly on the bottom party of leaves, eating juice. It leads to a pozhelteniye and leaf fall, maturing acceleration, reduction of weight of plants and seeds. Optimum conditions for intensive reproduction of the wrecker – high temperature (29-31zs) and low relative humidity of air (30-50 %). Long-term researches testify that the greatest injuriousness of a web tick falls on droughty years.
Lyutsernovy a scoop damages a soya in a caterpillar stage, eating leaves, and later – a flower, beans and unripe seeds.
Klubenkovye weevils early live in the spring on long-term bean herbs, damaging a growth point. Larvae live in the soil and eat a fabric klubenkov that reduces efficiency of an azotfiksatsiya, reduces the content of protein in plants and promotes defeat of roots by causative agents of other diseases.
In fight against listogryzushchy wreckers positive results give biological products – endobakterin, dendobakterin and boverin. Against a web tick, plant louses, klubenkovy weevils, a scoop, bugs crops process 20 %-nym (0,5-1,0 kg/hectares), 30 %-nym (0,35-0,70 kg/hectares) or 40 %-nym (0,25-0,50 kg/hectares) metafosy, 30 %-nym (1,0-1,5 kg/hectares) or 50 %-nym (0,6-1,0 kg/hectares) the karbofosy. At the increased temperature good effect receive from an opylivaniye ground sulfur. At emergence of caterpillars of a meadow moth crops spray karbofosy in the above-stated doses. For destruction of a web tick Bi-58 and keltan are effective. Their application allows to get a crop rise about 3 c/hectares.
When planning chemical processings against wreckers it is necessary to be guided by economic thresholds of injuriousness which are intended for streamlining of application of insecticides and akaricidov. Indicators of thresholds serve as a reference point for carrying out processings of crops at rather low number of wreckers when there are doubts in economic feasibility of protective measures. In days of mass reproduction of harmful types economic thresholds of injuriousness serve as level indicators to which it is necessary to reduce number of the breeding wrecker.
Chemical method of fight apply selectively on fields where number of the wrecker reaches economic thresholds of injuriousness. Good results against a web tick, plant louses, an akatsiyevy ognevka and other wreckers which reproduction begin on the weeds growing on roadsides of roads and at forest belts, give regional processings by insecticides. Their timely carrying out excludes continuous processings of crops which often economically aren’t acquitted and lead to unreasonable environmental pollution by the remains of pesticides.
In fight against bugs of a soya striped flea beetle, larvae mnogoyadny listoeda, plodozhorka caterpillars, a scoop, weevils and other wreckers on shoots and adult plants of a soya effectively spraying of crops by one of contact fosfororganichesky insecticides (karbofosy, metafosy, zolony) or synthetic peritroidov (Ambushy, nurelly, ripkordy, sumitsidy). Against sucking wreckers – a plant louse, tripsov, pincers, and also caterpillars of younger age, cheshuyekryly good results application of a system fosfororganichesky insecticide fosfamida (gives Bee – 58).
Processings by fosfororganichesky preparations against a web tick should be alternated during the season or on seasons to application akaricidov other chemical classes, omayty or sulfur preparations to prevent development of steady populations of pincers.
E.Turin, younger research associate of laboratory of plant growing and kormoproizvodstvo of the Crimean institute of agroindustrial production of UAAN.