In article the analysis of production of cattle-breeding production is provided in ARK and the reasons of its reduction. Recommendations about increase of productivity and to improvement of quality of forage crops are made.
In recent years the tendency to reduction of a livestock of public cattle was outlined in our republic. In relation to 1990 the number of cattle in all categories of farms was reduced from 835,6 thousand to 199,9 thousand heads, or in 4,2 times (including cows – from 252,9 thousand to 92,8 thousand heads, or in 2,7 times), the livestock of pigs in the region was reduced in 2,9 times, sheep – in 4,6 times. For this period the mid-annual yield of milk of milk from one cow remained practically at level of 1990 – 3606 kg. The daily average gain of live weight of cattle made 603 g, and pigs – 291 g.
For this period production of milk decreased from 890,4 thousand to 336,5 thousand tons, or in 2,6 time, meat of all types – from 201,6 thousand to 120,4 thousand tons.
The general reduction of volume of production of cattle-breeding production in the region led to decrease in efficiency of its branches. If in 1990 level of profitability of animal husbandry in all categories of farms made 27,9 %, (including milk – 29,5 %, KRS meat – 25,1 %) that in 2005 branch appeared unprofitable (-6 %), including profitability of milk made 2,2 % and production of KRS meat was unprofitable (-47,2 %).
Considerable reduction of volume of production of agricultural production in the Crimean region caused sharp decrease in consumption by the population of main types of food. If in 1990 of meat and meat products.63 kg were the share of one inhabitant, in 2005 – only 39,4 kg or 62,0 %. For this period mid-annual consumption of milk (on one inhabitant) decreased twice and made only 161,4; kg whereas as a whole across Ukraine this indicator made 225,6 kg. Such consumption level of milk krymchanami among all regions of Ukraine was the lowest.
On caloric content the daily average diet of the population of the Autonomous Republic Crimea takes the last place in Ukraine. At us caloric content of a daily diet of the consumed food makes 2640 kilocalories on one inhabitant. In eight areas of the country this indicator exceeds 3000, in seven hesitates within 2900-3000, in seven – from 2750 to 2900, and only in three areas caloric content of a daily diet doesn’t exceed 2750 kilocalories.
Long decrease in volumes of agricultural production in the Crimean region considerably speaks destruction of its material base, violation of system of reproduction of fixed assets, in particular tractors, other agricultural cars and instruments of production.
Only from 1990 to 2005 the quantity of tractors in agricultural enterprises of the region was reduced almost three times – with 26,3 to 9 thousand. If in 1991 18 tractors were the share of 1000 hectares of arable lands, in 2005 their quantity was reduced to 11. For this period in 2,7 times the park of combine harvesters was reduced, almost was five times reduced number of kukuruzouborochny combines, and also other agricultural machinery. It also led to a considerable tightening of terms of cleaning and big yield losses. Only for the last year in agricultural enterprises the number of kormouborochny combines was reduced by 29 % and on II, 3 % – harvesters.
As a part of fixed assets of production means in an autonomy as most their active part, occupies only 15,7 %, whereas on the average across Ukraine
- 26,9 %.
Volumes of introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers were considerably reduced. For this period introduction of mineral fertilizers under grain crops decreased with 130 to 30, under vegetables – with 194 to 130, under forage crops – with 76 to 4 kg of active ingredient, and organic fertilizers respectively: under the grain – with 9,1 to 0,3, under vegetables – with 33,6 to 1,7, under forage crops – with 6,7 to 0,7 tons on hectare of cultivated areas.
The feeding level and providing animal husbandry with sterns became one of the major reasons which have affected decrease in volume of production of cattle-breeding production, unsatisfactory by quantity and quality.
Owing to the high and unstable prices for the fixed and current assets, considerable them disparitet on industrial and agricultural output solvency of agricultural producers sharply decreased.
All this caused reduction of the area of irrigated lands and cultivated areas of forage crops, their productivity, and consequently also volume of production of forages. If forage crops in 1990 occupied 527,6 thousand hectares that made 44,0 % from all cultivated area in the region, in 2006 – only 76,8 thousand hectares or 11,0 % in structure of cultivated areas.
For this period productivity of fodder root crops decreased from 604 c/hectares to 146 c/hectares, corn on a silo and a green forage – from 158 c/hectares to 127 c/hectares, annual herbs on hay – from 27,9 c/hectares to 18,1 c/hectares, and long-term herbs on hay according to 45,9 c/hectares to 21,9 c/hectares.
Reduction of the areas of forage crops and their productivity led to reduction of volume of production of fodder root crops in 53,2 time, corn on a silo and a green forage – in 24,4 time, hay of annual herbs – in 4,1 times, and hay of long-term herbs – in 5,8 times.
All this promoted decrease in an exit of fodder units with 21,9 to 12,4 c of fodder units on 1 hectare of seyany fodder grounds.
As a result of low productivity of forage crops average costs of all forages of one conditional head made 26-37, at zootechnical norm of 45-50 c of fodder units.
Poditozhiv above told, it is possible to draw a conclusion that thus, the main reason for low efficiency of cattle the weak food supply, low level and quality of feeding of animals is.
Complete providing animal husbandry with high-quality sterns demands an all-round intensification of a kormoproizvodstvo directly in farms, that is the complex solution of questions of the organization of branch, first of all improvement of structure of cultivated areas of forage and zernofurazhny crops.
At deficiency in a diet of ruminants of 20-25 % of a perevarimy protein the shortage of cattle-breeding production makes 30-35 %, the expense of forages increases in 1,3-1,4 times, and product cost raises in 1,5 times. However at the expense of expansion of crops under cultures which in the conditions of this economy provide not only the greatest exit of fodder units and protein at the minimum labor and material inputs, but also meet zooengineering requirements, are balanced in the sakharo-protein relation, it is possible to eliminate this negative factor.
The researches which have been carried out by research associates of the APP Crimean institute by an economic assessment of cultivation of the main forage crops showed that the leading role in the solution of a fodder and albuminous problem should be allocated for long-term bean herbs: on an irrigation – a lucerne, and in the conditions of a waterless valley – esparcetu, and also to their mixes with cereal herbs. As on an exit of nutrients from 1 hectare, and at prime cost of 1 c of production they are much more effective than other forage crops. The cultivated area under these bean should occupy 40-60 % in structure of forage crops.
It is necessary to increase also production of forages from annual winter and sorgovy forage crops which effectively use soil stocks of moisture and are most adapted for soil climatic conditions of the Crimea.
The insufficient attention in farms is given sortosmene and to a sortoobnovleniye of forage crops. Now on the fodder purposes mainly out-of-date grades which have almost settled the biological potential, and also azonal, delivered of other climatic zones and not adapted for conditions of the Crimea are grown up. Introduction in a kormoproizvodstvo of the new, high-adapted grades and hybrids of forage crops will allow to increase efficiency of a fodder wedge for 25-30 %.
Important reception of increase of productivity and improvement of quality of forages is expansion of the mixed crops of forage crops, multicomponent mixes of annual and long-term herbs (a mix of cereal cultures with bean or krestotsvetny) that allows to increase a crop of green material and collecting a digested protein at the expense of complementarity. Crops of multicomponent mixes of annual and long-term herbs are capable to raise at the expense of a vzaimodopolnennost a crop of green material for 25-30 %, and collecting a digested protein for 30-40 %.
Concentration of their production at insignificant distance from cattle-breeding farms as the expenses connected with transportation of green material on big distances, it is essential them udorozhayut should become a big reserve of reduction of the cost of forages.
Cultural irrigated pastures should become one of effective sources of receipt of forages. Forages grown up on them the cheapest, and technologies of their production – energy saving and ecologically safe. Use of cultural pastures provides the lowest prime cost of 1 c of fodder units of a forage in a diet, prime cost of 1 c of milk and considerably bigger level of profitability of production.
Natural fodder grounds and the lands deduced from active processing located near settlements which aren’t used for production of crops should become an important reserve of receiving cheap forages in the Crimea. Creation on their base of pasturable and senoukosny sites under condition of their rational use, will allow to receive high-quality forages in addition.
Large reserve of increase in collecting fodder production is reduction of losses at preparation and storage of forages, and also preservation of their nutritional value. It is known that the greatest number of nutrients contains in a grass in a butonizatsiya and the flowering beginning at bean and a kolosheniye at cereals. Duration of these phases makes 8-12 days. At the same time haymaking is quite often tightened on one and even more than months therefore forages lose nutritious qualities.
According to laboratory analyses of nutritiousness of hay, at the bad organization of cleaning and storage 1 kg contains only 0,32 fodder units instead of 0,45-0,50 under normal conditions cleaning.
Owing to extension of terms of cleaning and an assumption of big gaps between a skashivaniye and stacking of hay the considerable part of a protein, carotene and other valuable nutrients is lost. Lucerne cleaning on hay in complete flowering reduces a protein exit from hectare for 20 %. The extended terms of carrying out haymaking speak substantially shortage of haymaking equipment, and also its irrational use.
Application of progressive technologies of preparation of hay by means of the newest system of cars allows to reduce protein losses in 2,5 times in comparison with usual technology of preparation of hay and at the same time to reduce prime cost of forages for 30-35 %.
Considerable losses are allowed and at preparation of juicy forages. Now in the majority of farms the exit of a ready silo doesn’t exceed 65, at the best 70 % of the put green material. The raised content of oil acid has about 20 % of the put silo.
Use of internal reserves of each economy: improvement of structure of forage crops, increase of their productivity, increase in cultivated areas, application of progressive technologies of the preparation, allowing to raise quality of made forages – the main sources of strengthening of food supply. Prosperity of qualitative forages that will positively affect increase in production of cattle-breeding production and satisfaction of vsevozrastayushchy requirements of the population of the Crimea and vacationers of the peninsula, and the industry – in raw materials.
And. PRIXODKO, head of department, And. KOLCHEV, senior research associate of sector of economy, Candidate of Economic Sciences APP UAAN Crimean institute.