In article recommendations of the senior research associate of laboratory of agriculture of the APP Crimean institute about processing under crops of winter crops are published.
POSLEUBOROCHNAYA SOIL PREPARATION UNDER CROPS of WINTER CROPS
The harvest harvest season came to the end. Grain crops of the peninsula are almost cleaned. One grain-growers count up the income, others sadly complain about weather, on circumstances etc. and thus consider losses and losses. The most zealous owners, weighing all pluses and minuses of agricultural year, think of future crop and do all necessary in order that productivity of crops grown up by them in the minimum degree depended on developing weather climatic conditions.
It is known that weather climatic conditions for vegetation both winter, and early grain developed quite adversely. Soil preparation under crops winter on not steam predecessors passed on some fields at insufficient amount of moisture, and on a part of fields at its total absence: during the summer and if to be exact – 76 days, wasn’t economic and useful (10 mm and more) a precipitation.
Then passed rains, but them was obviously insufficiently and in Idekade of October under crops winter moisture on pair was in a sowing layer of 8-10 mm, and on not steam predecessors – 0-3 mm.
The winter period was quite favorable for growth, development winter as in respect of positive temperatures (winter renewed vegetation twice), so in respect of moisture accumulation in the soil. Then in April-May again a shortage of a precipitation, the sukhoveyny phenomena, a heat ….
But even in such conditions if all operations on processing of the soil were carried out in due time and qualitatively, crop level, as for this year, quite high. On steam fields of the Crimean institute of agroindustrial production which during a parovaniye contained in a pure condition from weeds and with a melkokomkovaty surface of the soil to optimum terms of sowing moisture was available and shoots received amicable, timely.
Therefore and productivity of winter wheat on pure pairs, depending on a grade, from 35 to 48 c/hectares, on the occupied – 39 c/hectares, on not steam predecessors – within 25-27 c/hectares.
Today there is a hot, dry weather and rare storm rains don’t do "weather". Our task – and in such conditions to do everything from us depending that qualitatively and timely to pave the way to optimum terms of sowing of the winter.
Processing pure and busy parov carry out in process of emergence of weeds, but without allowing their development as depth of loosening in the second half of summer should equal to depth of seal of seeds, i.e. 5-7 see.
If steam fields because of untimely processing grew with weeds if in specific structure bigger percent perennials (make a sow-thistle pink, a birch vyyunkovy, etc.) don’t hurry to "exhaust" on such field heavy disk harrows. Application of disk harrows for one pass destroys no more than 60-70 % of weed plants, but leads to a considerable siccation of the soil. Having weighed all pros and cons, it is necessary to combine machining of steam fields with application of herbicides in that case. There is a significant amount of general and destructive preparations on a basis glifosfata which with success are used for destruction of weed plants in steam fields. Certainly, application of herbicides is connected with certain expenses, but finally you receive really real steam field with all its advantages and the corresponding quality grain yield. And not only grains: now on pair it is recommended to sow not only winter wheat, but also a winter rape, culture quite profitable and demanded.
It is more than a half winter grain in the Crimea are cultivated on not steam predecessors. These are sternevy: rape, flax, corn, sunflower and others.
All not steam predecessors under the winter grain should be processed directly in day of cleaning or immediately after cleaning of previous culture. In our droughty weather climatic conditions these agrorequirements should become the law. The postharvest lushcheniye is carried out to a short time to keep moisture available in the soil (even its minimum quantity); to exclude a fast obesstrukturivaniye and consolidation of the soil deprived of a vegetative cover. Well-known that thanks to in due time carried out lushcheniye energy consumption decreases at the subsequent processings of the soil.
Lushcheniye lead heavy disk harrows of type of Big Drama Theatre, BDVP-4,2, BDVP-6,3 and others.
It is considered more reasonable zadiskovat the soil in two steps a surface it to finish to a melkokomkovaty condition. Thus the melkokomkovaty surface plays a role of a mulching layer thanks to which moisture stocks in deep layers remain, and also there is its replenishment for the account even an insignificant precipitation. On well developed field optimum conditions for germination of seeds of weeds and fruit drop which are destroyed by the subsequent processings are created.
Depth of a lushcheniye depends on many factors, main of which contamination of each concrete field.
On fields, pure from perennials, there is enough depth of rykhleniye to 10 cm, and in the presence of kornevishchny and korneotpryskovy weeds for exhaustion of their root system depth of loosening increase to 14 see.
On fields where practise straw leaving, it is necessary to introduce before a disking nitric N10 fertilizers (ammoniac saltpeter) from calculation on one ton of straw. For high-quality seal the size of the crushed straw should make 10-12 see. Introduction of additional nitrogen – obligatory agroreception for stimulation of action of microorganisms. Depth of a disking when leaving straw – 12-14 see.
It is desirable under the main processing under crops winter to introduce fertilizer not only on fields where straw is left. On all not steam predecessors introduction of mineral fertilizers by N40R40 or N60R60 dose with guarantee will raise a crop and its quality.
The subsequent processings of not steam predecessors are carried out by disk harrows, and on carefully developed fields – cultivators at emergence of weeds and fruit drop fields under crops contained in a pure condition up to crops of the winter.
Preseeding processing – cultivation by steam cultivators on depth of seal of seeds.
Guarantee of future crop in your hands, farmers!
To. ZHENCHENKO, senior research associate of laboratory of agriculture of the APP Crimean institute.