In this article the level of development of animal husbandry from 1991 on 2007g.g is noted.
Considerable reduction of consumption of products of an animal origin is caused by sharp reduction of volume of production and low solvency of the population. For the last 14 years in all categories of farms number of a number of cattle in the Crimea was reduced in 4,2 times, including cows – in 2,7 times.
Efficiency of cattle and bird in personal part-time farms of the population though exceeds similar indicators of public sector, but nevertheless remains low.
The size of this indicator in personal part-time farms of the population is influenced by various factors. First of all, absence of accurately adjusted accounting of efficiency, reduction of a livestock of agricultural animals in farms of the private sector, insufficient quantity in villages of points of artificial insemination to which services private owners of cattle resorted.
In this regard the increasing distribution gets cheaper, than artificial insemination of animals – natural pairing homebrew, without a certain origin of bulls with cows containing on farmsteads. Such negative phenomena, as related pairing which negatively influences efficiency of animals are thus observed.
In spermobanka of cattle-breeding plempredpriyatiya of the Autonomous Republic Crimea contained as of 01.01.2007goda 2mln.700tys. doses of a spermoproduktsiya of high-valuable bulls – the producers which seed it is possible to inseminate over 1 million heads of cows and a telok. For 2006 in a private sector 18,2 thousand cows are artificially inseminated, these are 20 % from total of their livestock which was for 01.01.06. The low indicator of artificial insemination of cows and a telok in a private sector speaks in its high cost: insemination of one cow costs 45 UAH., but also low solvency of the population. As a result the private trader resorts to natural copulation of animals, the payment for services in 2-3 times is less, rather than for artificial insemination. He doesn’t understand that the genetic potential of an animal is as a result lost, viability of young growth decreases.
The similar situation develops and in artificial insemination of a uterine livestock of pigs. The covering of sows male pigs reduces the period of their use twice, and also possibility of distribution of infectious diseases increases. Artificially one manufacturing male pig it is possible to inseminate at 8-10 times more pigs, than at natural copulation. At reduction of the cost of cost of a seed of manufacturing male pigs to appear possibility of sale of bigger volume of this production for artificial insemination of pigs in a private sector.
Basis of breeding base in the Autonomous Republic Crimea, according to the state certification, 3 enterprises for breeding business in animal husbandry make, 5 breeding plants and 10 breeding loud-speakers of the dairy cattle breeding, one plemreproduktor of meat cattle breeding, 2 breeding plants and 6 breeding loud-speakers of a svinovodstvo, 3 breeding plants and one plemreproduktor of sheep breeding, 2 horse-breeding plemreproduktor.
In recent years 231 points of artificial insemination of cows and a telok from a private sector are created, at requirement of 517 points.
In agricultural enterprises of the republic plant 4 breeds of cattle, 2 breeds of pigs, on one breed of sheep and horses.
The analysis and assessment of a condition of animal husbandry in our republic testify the outlined positive tendencies in economic development of animal husbandry.
On the chart 1 it is visible that in 1991 of cattle in all categories of farms of AR Crimea 835,6 thousand heads were, and in 2005 is maximum – 183,9 thousand heads, however in 2007 growth – 199,9 thousand heads is noted. The livestock of cows was characterized by the following figures respectively: 252,9, 221,6, 157,8, 99,0, 91,0 and 92,8 thousand heads.
The positive tendency to livestock growth in the last five-years period is noted and in a svinovodstvo: as of January 1 (chart 2) in 1991 of pigs was to 497,6 thousand years, in 1995 – 291,6 thousand heads, in 2005 – 97,5 thousand heads, and till 2007 the increase – to 169,8 thousand heads is noted.
In the chart 3 dynamics of a livestock of sheep and goats in all categories of farms of the republic as of January 1 is presented. Since 1991 essential decrease with 1039,2 to 138,7 thousand heads in 2004 (the minimum number of sheep and goats) is noted, and by 2007 the livestock increases to 251,9 heads of sheep and goats.
The most dynamic rates of development are noted in AR Crimea poultry farming. So, in 2007 (10376,0 thousand heads) the livestock of a bird of all types is lowered in comparison with 1991 (19451,4 thousand heads) all twice (chart 4). The minimum quantity of a livestock of a bird of all types is noted in 1998 (5036,3 thousand heads).
At the same time, the received results are still far from that volume of production of cattle-breeding production which took place during the prereform period.
Important indicator in animal husbandry there is a productive longevity of cows. According to professor A.P.Soldatov with soavt. (1982), efficiency of a cow increases gradually to the fifth lactation, and with a heel on the tenth steady level is noted under an indispensable condition of providing optimum indicators of zoohygienic parameters and feedings. In the chart 5 the age structure of a number of cattle in all categories of farms of AR Crimea is shown. Essential decrease in productive longevity of cows is noted. On the average, the vyranzhirovka of a cow, for one reason or another, from herd occurs mainly on the third – the fourth lactation. Thus, unfortunately, the productive potential of an animal not completely reveals, and farms lose tens of thousands of potential profit.
It is necessary to achieve stable high indicators from a cow within 10-12 years of life: an annual yield of milk – 4,0 – 6,0 thousands kg of milk for a lactation fat content 3,8 – 4,0 %. The live mass of adult cows should be not lower than 550 kg.
Selection of repair young growth is necessary for making according to target standards of breeds which are brought in instructions on a bonitirovka. It is expedient to provide daily average prirosty repair a tyolok not less than 600-700 g, and bull-calves – 700-800 g.
Process of reduction of production potential proceeds: empty cattle-breeding rooms are plundered, means are insufficiently updated, the created genetic potential as a result of deterioration of material base of the breeding enterprises is lost.
Negative role in reduction in production of cattle-breeding production continues to play disparitet the prices for the industrial goods and cattle-breeding production owing to what animal husbandry branches in the majority of the enterprises have low profitability or are unprofitable. In recent years this question remains especially actual in a svinovodstvo as proceeding expansion of cheap meat from abroad essentially reduces pork cost in the market at increase in expenses at a forage.
For a conclusion of branches of animal husbandry from a crisis state it is necessary to solve first of all problems of increase of efficiency of all animal species and birds on the basis of increase in the general level and improvement of full value of their feeding.
Item OSTAPCHUK, head of laboratory of animal husbandry of the APP UAAN Crimean institute, candidate of agricultural sciences.