In article the characteristic of one of malicious weeds – the bitterling creeping, and also methods of fight against it is given: organizational and economic actions, agrotechnical receptions, chemical.
Some scientists-landowners of our country consider that weed plants for agricultural producers become a problem number one. The contamination of crops in Ukraine considerably grew recently. The reasons for that there is a great variety, main: non-compliance with crop rotations, untimely and poor-quality processing of the soil, existence of the raw earth, insufficient application of herbicides, absence of fight against weed vegetation in forest belts, on roadsides of roads, fields etc. The Crimean peninsula – not an exception: annually 60-70 % of fields are littered in average or above a degree average.
The contamination of the field cultures, generally mixed type, prevalence of a certain subtype on each concrete field depends on a number of factors. Weed plants on biological signs, on a way of a food, on life expectancy and a way of moving are classified. Let’s stop on group long-term (polikarnichesky) weeds.
They grow on one place more than two years and for the life cycle repeatedly fructify. After maturing of seeds elevated bodies at them die off, and underground live long time and are capable to form annually new stalks, flowers and seeds.
On a way of vegetative reproduction and a structure of root system perennials are subdivided into groups: sterzhnekornevy, mochkovatokornevy, creeping, kornevishchny and korneotpryskovy.
Korneotpryskovye-exclusively malicious and trudnoiskorenimy. Weeds of this group treat a sow-thistle pink (bodyak field), the bitterling creeping (pink), a bindweed field (birch) and others.
The quantity of weeds of this group considerably increased for today. Quite recently across the Crimea the predominating place among them was occupied by a sow-thistle pink, now to it the competition is made by the bitterling creeping.
The bitterling creeping – the most malicious and most trudnoiskorenimy korneotpryskovy perennial from family slozhnotsvetny. The bitterling – the native of Central Asia, but won all continents, except Africa. In Ukraine its distribution is limited, but in the south, and especially in the Crimea, the number of the areas occupied with this weed, steadily increases.
The bitterling – the thermophilic, photophilous, solevynoslivy and very drought-resistant weed plant which is well growing both on friable, and on condensed soils. The exhaustive characteristic academician A.I.Maltsev … neither gave to the bitterling pinworms, nor svinory, a squash and others can’t resist against approach of the bitterling. It is much stronger even than sow-thistles to which it is similar as powerful and strong root system. But the bitterling sharply differs that he at all isn’t afraid not only consolidations, but also a soil zasoleniye, is absolutely drought-resistant.
Botanical characteristic. A straight line stalk, branchy, gustooblistvenny, height of 20-60 cm, depending on growth conditions. Leaves sedentary, lantsetny, lowered. On a top of escapes buds – inflorescences – baskets with pink a flower are formed. Plants by sight glaucescent from dense white omission. A fruit – a semyanka of an obratnoyaytsevidny form with a cop. Leaves, stalks and roots contain about 4 % glyukoalkoloidov which impact it bitter relish (from here and the name – the bitterling).
The bitterling pink litters crops with – x cultures, gardens, vineyards, meadows, pastures, lands in not processing, thus for 50-80 % forces out all other plants. In the Crimea meets everywhere. Therefore, when occupies arable fields, causes a significant damage to all cultural plants, in whole or in part reducing a crop and its quality. Cultural plants aren’t always capable to resist to the bitterling in connection with his specific biological features.
Humidity of the soil on the sites littered with the bitterling, reaches a dead stock, the content of nitrates in a layer to 1 meter on the littered site is twice less, than on the same depth of the same steam field, but without weeds. According to many researchers, the bitterling pink acquires from the soil in two-five times more nutrients, than other plants.
High injuriousness of this weed is aggravated also with toxins which are allocated to the soil by its root system. Toxins, poisonous substances of the bitterling, reduce energy of germination of seeds of wheat, barley, peas. Hay, even at insignificant impurity of vegetative parts of the bitterling, is harmful for with – x animals, especially horses.
The vegetative mass of a weed its developments grows in the beginning very slowly, forming the socket of 5-7 leaflets, but roots thus reach depth of two meters. Underground roots over time utolshhayutsya, turning into rhizomes; additional horizontal roots with the kidneys giving life to new plants are created. Expanding thus, one plant of the bitterling under favorable conditions creates for the vegetative period a curtain in diameter in 5-6 meters, the quantity of stalks can reach to 400 pieces/sq.m. By the end of the second year the curtain increases in diameter in 2-3 times, and separate main roots, sternevy, in the top part reinforced, ligneous get on depth of 5-16 m, using moisture and nutrients from the horizons inaccessible to other plants. Except reproduction by root young growth, the bitterling creeping breeds vegetativno, growing from pieces of the roots formed at processing of the soil (a plowed land, a disking, cultivation, etc.) . The Prizhivayemost of vegetative bodies depends on them are long (not less than 10 cm), depths of seal, humidity of the soil.
It is not necessary to dismiss and reproduction by seeds. One plant of the bitterling of creeping second year of life gives more than 20 thousand pieces of seeds which are capable to keep vsxozhest within 3-5 years, thus, with increase in a period of storage of seeds, vsxozhest them raises.
And one more, important, biological feature of the bitterling – his ability under adverse ecological conditions is at rest. At a soil siccation, after cutting of roots by deep and plantazhny plowing, the elevated weight perishes, but in the soil there is a large quantity of vertical and horizontal roots and the rhizomes keeping the viability on years. As soon as favorable conditions will be created, plants revive even in 3-4 years.
Methods of fight against the bitterling rozovymdolzhny to be complex and to include organizational and economic, agrotechnical and chemical actions.
Organizational and economic actions – it, generally precautionary measures: careful cleaning of seeds, the correct storage of manure, the prevention of transfer of seeds of the bitterling with hay and straw, a podkashivaniye of weeds on not processed sites (neudobya, forest belts, a roadside etc.), without allowing its obsemeneniye.
Agrotechnical priemydolzhny to be directed on exhaustion of root system of the bitterling. The main, most effective way of fight against the bitterling pink, is crop rotation observance, and in a crop rotation existence of such link: steam – winter wheat – winter barley.
Processing of pure steam should include: postharvest two-trekhkratoye lushcheniye, introduction of organic fertilizers, main processing and spring-and-summer cultivations.
Lushcheniye eddishes directly after cleaning in 2-3 times reduces a contamination. To lead it it is possible heavy disk hoeing plows, cultivators-ploskorezami, case hoeing plows on depth 10-12 to 14 see. After emergence of sockets of the bitterling this reception should be repeated. Plowing is carried out on 22-25 cm by plows with predpluzhnik at the end of summer – an early autumn rhizomes of the bitterling dried up. It is desirable to introduce under plowing organic fertilizers – 20-25 t of manure on hectare. Care of steam during the spring and summer consists in systematic cultivations. The first one-two cultivations (depending on weather climatic conditions of spring) carry out on depth to 12-14 cm, the subsequent – no more than on 8-10 see. Cultivate pairs steam cultivators at the moment of emergence of sockets of the bitterling on a soil surface. If to cut escapes later when they it is reached 6-8 cm, efficiency of steam processing considerably decreases. Delay with cultivation though reduced number of processings of steam by 7-10 days, however the increase in their depth then was required, and the soil, therefore, was dried up, efficiency of steam as predecessor decreased.
The subsequent crops of winter wheat and winter barley carry out with increase in optimum norm of seeding at 10 %. The bitterling creeping – a photophilous plant, suffers from a zateneniye, and it is necessary to use this its biological feature as much as possible.
In a stationary devyatipolny crop rotation on soil processing on APP Crimean institute fields before a laying of experience there were on separate allotments of a curtain of the bitterling pink in the size 1,5-2 meters. In three years in a crop rotation link – steam pure – winter wheat – winter barley – curtains of the bitterling almost completely disappeared, appeared again only in crops of the last culture of a crop rotation – sunflower.
Agrotechnical measures of fight against the bitterling pink are supplemented with the chemical. Completely to destroy the bitterling creeping in short terms probably only when sharing agrotechnical measures and modern herbicides. On extra arable lands (a power line, forest belts, waste grounds, on roadsides of roads etc.) herbicide is recommended to apply the Arsenal of 25 % norm of 3-5 l/hectares at early stages of development of a weed.
On pairs use herbicides on a basis glifosfatov: Raundap, Hurricane. These system preparations effective when spraying well developed plants of a weed. Raundap Max, 45 % bring from calculation of 4 l/hectares, Hurricane of 480 WS – 2-4 l/hectares. Process the soil in 2-3 weeks after spraying, and after this term it is possible to start crops.
On grain, grains in a phase of a kushcheniye Banvel by a dose of 0,15-0,30 l/hectares in a kushcheniye phase, on corn a dose of 0,4-0,8 l/hectares in a phase of 3-5 leaves, (as an additive to 2,4 D and 2M-4X or in pure form) is recommended. The listed herbicides are brought time in one year.
Skillful combination of precautionary, agrotechnical and chemical actions for fight against the bitterling creeping will give due effect only at timely and high-quality carrying out all complex of works for a number of years.
K.Zhenchenko, manager. laboratory of agriculture of the APP Crimean institute.