In the publication the diseases of grain and olive crops caused by quarantine organisms, characteristic signs of the struck plants, and also fight measures (the leading role is allocated for a protravlivaniye of seeds) are described.
It is known that through seeds more than a half of all diseases of plants is transferred. The crops made by infected seeds – the demand for obviously poor harvest, a wide circulation of diseases.
It is possible to call the reason of increase of injuriousness of diseases negligence to a preseeding protravlivaniye of a seed material. Neglect in vain. Modern protravitel besides protection against causative agents of diseases promote formation of the healthy and well developed root system. They are capable to protect seeds and plants of crops not only at early stages of development, but also throughout all vegetative period.
The activator Indian golovni TilletiaindicaMitra wheat – quarantine object in the European Plant Protection Organization A1 list. This trudnoiskorenimy disease of wheat as disputes of the activator remain in the soil a progressive tense. It strikes wheat, tritikale, a rye. Injuriousness of a disease consists in decrease in efficiency (reduction of length of an ear and amount of grains in it), vsxozhesti and masses of seeds. During strong defeat of seeds commodity, baking and biochemical qualities (the flour darkens, grain has a characteristic smell of rotten fish) worsen.
Distribution: Europe (is absent); Asia-Afghanistan, India, Iraq, Nepal, Pakistan; Northern America-Mexico. In Ukraine the disease isn’t registered, but the facts of its numerous identification in the inward cargoes which have come from Libya, Syria, the USA and Turkey are known.
Characteristic symptom of a disease of wheat Indian heads partial defeat of grain. The germinal part and its groove in most cases is surprised.
Main not quarantine diseases of grain grains: golovnya, root decayed, mealy dew, a brown rust, septoriozy, fuzarioz an ear.
Measures of fight provide destruction of a seed infection by means of a protravlivaniye of seeds Vitavaksom, 75 % of page of the item (2,5-3 kg/t), Benlat of 50 % for item page (2 kg/t).
Diplodioz, or dry decay of corn, is called by mushrooms from the sort Stenocarpella (Diplodia) which strikes ears, stalks, leaves and roots. Diplodioz is widespread: Europe-Germany, Italy, Romania, Czech Republic, CIS, France; Northern America-Canada, USA; Southern America-Argentina, Brazil; Africa.
Plants of corn catch through elevated bodies, roots. At infection of a stalk the vascular system is broken, the movement of substances leading to reduction of the size of grains is at a loss. The struck ear becomes grayish-brown, shriveled, completely decayed. Leaves of a sheet wrapper have the faded or straw color, densely stick one to another.
The infection is transmitted with the infected seed material and the soil, the vegetative remains of corn, a wind, a rain, insects.
On corn such not quarantine diseases as a plesneveniye of seeds, root and stem decayed, bubbly golovnya, dusty golovnya often meet.
For fight against diseases Vitavaksom 200, 75 % of page of the item (2 kg/t), Maxim 025, 2,5 % since page (1 kg/t) is recommended to pickle seeds.
The quarantine wrecker – the Western corn bug (DiabroticavirgiferavirgiferaLeConte) from family listoedov. This is one of the most dangerous wreckers of corn. The bug is revealed for the first time in the USA in 1909 and till 1980 occupied all "a corn belt "America.
In Europe this bug is revealed in 1992 in Yugoslavia. In 10 years it quickly extended and in 2001 g for the first time is revealed in feromonny traps in Ukraine in the Zakarpatye area. Thus, threat of harm to crops in our country from this look became real.
Harm to plants put both bugs, and larvae. Adult individuals damage leaves and corn ears. It deforms a stalk, gets a form of "a goose neck". Bugs gnaw round whisks, columns of female inflorescences, sometimes young ears. Damage of generativny bodies reduces number of grains in an ear, reduces productivity.
For identification of a corn bug carry out inspections: feromonny traps for identification of an imago of males, for detection of the wrecker in a stage of egg, a larva and a doll select soil about the plants weakened and lagging behind in growth.
Import of a seed material and commodity parties of corn from abroad is authorized in the presence of import quarantine permission and the fytosanitory certificate of the export country. All samples are subject to careful examination and fytosanitory examination.
The soya is surprised such mushroom diseases which are included into the quarantine list, as purple cerkosporoz and fitoftorozny decay.
Purple cerkosporoz Cercosporakikuchi (T.Matsuet.Tomoyasu) soya. Distribution: Asia-Korea, Iran, Pakistan, China, Japan; Africa; America-Brazil, USA; Europe-France, Yugoslavia.
The infecting agent infects a soya in all growth phases, striking seeds, beans, stalks and leaves. The struck seeds have purple or pink coloring more often, they give rare shoots, cotyledonous leaves at them often wrinkled, become dark-purple and prematurely fall down. On beans the illness is shown in the form of poorly pressed, oval reddish-purple spots.
Fitoftorozny decay of a soya (PhytophthoramegaspermaDrechslerf.sp. glycinesKuanErwin.) it is shown in the form of root and stem decay, strikes shoots, beans and seeds. The infected leaves have hlorotichny coloring, gradually wither and die off.
The disease is registered in Europe-France, Hungary, Italy, and also in North America – Canada, the USA.
On sunflower such mushroom diseases, as false mealy dew, white decay, gray decay, dry decay, fomopsis, fuzarioz, a rust, alternarioz, fomoz, an embelliziya are widespread and most harmful.
For protection preseeding processing of seeds by Apron XL, 35 % since is recommended to page (3 kg/t), Kolfugo Super, 20 %, century of page (2 kg/t).
The rape is most subject peronosporozu, mealy dew, a white rust, alternariozu, fomozu, gray decay. Preseeding processing of its seeds 75 % of page of the item (2-3 kg/t), Oftanol carry out Vitavaksom 200, T, 50 % of page of the item (40 l/t).
Quarantine actions:
– import of a seed material from abroad only in coordination with Ukrglavgoskarantin;
– import of a seed material from the countries where diseases are registered is forbidden;
– at import the material is subject to primary examination on border with obligatory sampling for fytosanitory examination and repeated – at the destination;
– check of the delivered import seed material in introduktsionno-quarantine nurseries;
– in case of detection of quarantine organisms cargo is subject to return, disinfecting, and at impossibility of disinfecting – to withdrawal and destruction.
In case of detection of the called quarantine organisms to report in the State inspectorate for quarantine of plants for the address: 95001, Simferopol, Tikhy Lane, 6, ph. 27-53-66.
N. Savin, agriculturist-phytopathologist of laboratory Krymgoskarantina.