In article the history of development of station of gardening is described. The role of this establishment since the beginning of creation and to the present is shown. Besides, the problems connected with work of all scientific institutions are reflected.
CRIMEAN EXPERIMENTAL STATION of GARDENING of IS UAAN:
The Crimean experimental station of gardening of IS UAAN – one of the oldest research establishments on gardening in the south of Ukraine. As the primogenitor of station served so-called. Educational establishment, formed in 1895 on the southern suburb of Simferopol in "Salgirk’s" created state manor. The role of this establishment, was generally reduced to increase of culture of the Crimean fruit growing through training of gardeners. Here it was begun the first experiences with fruit-trees.
By the beginning of the XX century the area of the gardens considered by statistics which are grown up in the Crimea, reached 7644 hectares, and the volume of taken-out fruit made 30 thousand tons. Historical materials testify that for the population of foothill and mountain zones of the Crimea the main source of the income was the gardening cultivated on valleys of the rivers Alma, Kacha, Belbek, Salgir and others.
Development of industrial gardening demanded improvement of receptions of cultivation of gardens, definition of ways of more effective production of fruit production.
Progressive figures of that time took in preparation of questions of the organization of experimental station of gardening active part: L.P.Simirenko, N of N of Betling, A.Kh.Steven, S.A.Mokrzhetsky, V.E.Tairov, known fruit growers V. V. Pashkevich and N.I.Kichunov.
Official opening of station took place on May 1, 1913 in "Salgirk’s" former state manor. Sources of its scientific activity had S.A.Mokrzhetsky heading station and an entomologichesky office, employees of a pomologichesky office I.L.Dadelyan and A.A.Nemirov managing a microbiological office of I.E.Barbarin and some other employees.
The program of activity of station was directed on the solution of the major practical tasks. Eventually it became complicated, underwent changes, but always met prime requirements of gardening.
In 1925 with the assistance of fruit department of GNBS, the Crimean and Southern stations of protection of plants the new program of activity of fruit station by which including differentiation of areas of activity of GNBS and "Salgirka" was provided also was developed. Mountain, foothill and steppe gardening and work with the semechkovy cultures occupying 87 % of the Crimean gardens was allocated for the last. For GNBS questions of fruit growing of the southern coast of the Crimea and kostochkovy cultures in volume of 13 % of the area of gardens remained.
In 1926 from structure of Salgirsky plodovodstvenny experimental station the station of protection of the plants professor A.N.Kazan is appointed which director is allocated. On again formed station leaves and mikolog Strelin directing "Salgirka" since 1921. In 1926 the scientist-pomolog, professor Venedikt Andriyovych Kolesnikov heading station till 1930 becomes director "Salgirki".
After V.A.Kolesnikov scientist-fruit grower Boris Antonovich Grinenko directing station before the Great Patriotic War became director "Salgirki". During this period research work of station accepted wider scope in connection with the general collectivization of agricultural industry which is carried out in the country. At station departments of an agrotechnology, agrochemistry, selection and a sortoizucheniye, technology (reorganized in 1934 in biochemistry laboratory), economy and the organizations of an economy, protection of plants were organized. A little later departments of a collective-farm opytnichestvo, mechanization and physiology laboratory were created.
In pre-war years scientists of station carried out researches on a wide range of the topical issues connected with application of fertilizers in gardens of the Crimea, systems of the maintenance of the soil in young and fructifying plantings, by development of biological bases of fructification, influence of various agrotechnical backgrounds on intensity of physiological processes at an apple-tree and a pear. The important place in work of station was allocated for creation of hybrid fund of an apple-tree and a pear, a sortoizucheniye and removal of new grades of wild strawberry and raspberry, agrotechnical development and many other questions providing increase of production efficiency and storage of fruit and berry production.
All amount of works carried out the staff of station numbering 45 people. The experts of the business who are perfectly owning scientific bases of fruit growing worked: professors Ya.V.Chugunin, N of Spivakovsky and A.P.Chefranov, scientific E.T.Galushkin, V. V. Petrov-Grinenko, A.A.Basanko, I.G.Dauko, Kadin, Z.A.Metlitsky prosecuting subjects of an agrotechnology of fruit crops, selectors and sortovedy P.E.Solyanikov, O. S. Harchenko, B.O.Osmanov, S. V. Sosnin, V.K.Zayets, Buzulin and other grades which have created many an apple-tree and pears and laid the foundation further selection work.
The Great Patriotic War interrupted fruitful activity of station and caused a huge damage to gardening of the Crimea and research work. Fruit plantings on the area more than 3600 hectares completely were lost, and on the remained 16000 hectares of planting were finished to unproductive, a depression. The considerable part of irrigating and drainage systems was put out of commission, the valuable equipment and a situation of scientific offices and laboratories was plundered. Since 1945 research and economic activity of experimental station renewed. From 1949 to 1955 station the scientist-fruit grower of M of N Matsedonsky, from 1955 to 1957 – selector A.G.Moustache directed.
In 1956 according to the decision of Council of ministers of USSR of station the pitomnikovodchesky state farm the "Fruit grower", one of the best farms of the Simferopol area therefore the Crimean experimental station of gardening is formed is reported. On a new place selectors and sortovedy A.G.Moustache and A.T.Parfyonov (apple-tree), A.F.Mileshko (pear), experts in protection of plants from wreckers and S. M. Galetenko, A.S.Krylov, R.I.Shashlykova’s diseases continued the active work; V. M. Sergeenko, D. M. Shimanova, T.I.Podufaly’s agricultural technicians, OK Travina, Z.L.Sherstyukova, pitomnikovody A.N.Tatarinov, I.G.Borisenko, experts in yagodnik and A.I.Basova’s cornel, A.Z.Bylda.
From the beginning of the 60th years the station entered a new stage of the activity. Under the direction of G.A.Berezovsky (heading station almost 20 years) scientists and experts actively joined in realization of a course of the country on an intensification of agricultural production. G.A.Berezovsky was the initiator and the propagandist of palmettny gardening in the Crimea, written on this subject more than 20 scientific works.
Introduction in production of essentially new technologies demanded preparation of highly skilled experts in the field of gardening. In this regard at the initiative of G.A.Berezovsky in 1964 from Yalta the technical school of the southern special cultures is translated and at the Crimean experimental station of gardening the state farm technical school (today – the Crimean agroindustrial college) is created. Pupils of technical school received unlimited possibilities in every possible way to enrich the knowledge not only studying of special disciplines, but also through direct communication with scientists and scientists of station.
The mass laying of gardens allowed thus miscalculations demanded creation of specialized institution on design of long-term plantings. On an initiative and with active participation of scientists of station on its base for the first time in the country the institute on design of gardens and vineyards for Ukraine "Ukrgiprosad" who and carries out now development of projects of a laying of long-term plantings for farms of various forms of ownership was created.
G.A.Berezovsky’s fruitful organizational, economic and creative activity on scientific ensuring gardening of the Crimea continued as the director of V-A station. Yakimov (1976-1986) who has directed all the enthusiasm, energy and talent of the head on deepening of process of an intensification of gardening, maintenance of creative and business relations with related research establishments of the country, with leading specialized farms of the Crimea.
From 1962 to 1982 at station and in gardening farms production technologies of fruits in palmettny and shpalerno-dwarfish plantings of an apple-tree and a pear were fulfilled. More than 7 thousand hectares of shpalerno-dwarfish and 21 thousand palmettny gardens which allowed to increase return of long-term fruit plantings essentially were put. Active distribution of vegetative made multiple copies stocks with controllable force of growth of trees gave the chance to increase considerably landing density, and at the expense of removal, an introduction and reproduction of new grades of an apple-tree and a pear, development and introduction of effective receptions of formation and scraps of trees to achieve growth of efficiency and gross production of fruits in the Crimean gardens. From 1961 for 1975 the volume of production of fruits of semechkovy and kostochkovy breeds in the Crimea increased with 66 to 302 thousand tons, and by 1985 reached 355 thousand tons. To the middle of the 80th years the share of the plantings which are grown up on an intensive basis, averaged across the Crimea 48-50, and in specialized farms – 75-80 %.
During the specified period the laying of three main types of gardens technological parameters for which were developed and offered production by scientists of the Crimean experimental station of gardening and other research establishments of the South of Ukraine, responsible for development and implementation of the program of scientific providing branch prevailed.
These years the volume of production of layers of vegetative made multiple copies stocks at station was finished to 2 million, fruit saplings – to 0,5 million pieces. On the basis of 30-year researches of scientists-pitomnikovodov of station executed in different soil and climatic zones of the Crimea, earlier widespread stocks of M 2, with M 3, M 5, M in 8 more productive M 9, M 26, MM 102, MM 106 were replaced. For the first time in the south of the country the doctor of agricultural sciences A.N.Tatarinov developed and applied technology of receiving saplings by means of a winter (desktop) inoculation. In transition of gardening to an intensive way of development this technology promoted essential expansion of possibilities of nurseries of Ukraine on increase in production of a landing material. A little later the luggage pitomnikovodov replenished with new technological development – cultivation of fruit saplings in the closed soil (Tankevich V. V.) and in containers from a polymeric film (the author V. M. Kolesnik) that expanded possibilities of gardeners on terms of a laying of intensive plantings, allowed to organize production of a landing material without traditional nursery fields, it is essential to save trudo-, power – and ground resources on cultivation of saplings.
Certain changes were undergone by the sortiment which has developed earlier of an apple-tree, a pear and wild strawberry. Efforts of scientists – selectors of station (A.G.Moustache, A.F.Mileshko, A.T.Parfyonov, A.I.Basova, R. D. Babin, A.A.Lyapikhova) it regularly replenished and replenishes with new skoroplodny and high-yielding grades, among which: on an apple-tree – the Aurora Crimean, Tavriya, Scarlet sails, Crimean winter, etc.; on a pear – Dessert, Golden, Taurian, the Highlight of the Crimea, Maria, etc. In total more than 100 grades of an apple-tree, a pear and wild strawberry from which 10 grades of an apple-tree are included in the State Register of Ukraine, 9 – pears and 3 – wild strawberry are created.
Wide application of these grades in industrial gardening showed their advantages on a skoroplodnost, fast rates of increase of the productivity, the raised lezhkosposobnost in the conditions of artificial cold.
Achievement of noted results was promoted also by technological development of scientists-agricultural technicians on optimization of density of placement of trees in a garden, to creation and improvement of systems of formation and scraps of the trees stimulating early fructification and regular return of a crop. Long-term and Z.L intense work. To Sherstyukova, M. S. Kuzmenko and L.B.Tankevich on improvement of technologies earlier developed for intensive gardening, and also on working off of new effective receptions of cultivation of an apple-tree and a pear allowed to recommend to production technological decisions on increase of production efficiency of fruits.
As one of the important directions of scientific activity of station optimization of terms of cleaning of fruits, modes of their storage taking into account meteorological, biological and agrotechnical factors always was considered. Thanks to development of staff of laboratory of storage and processing (E.I.Trebushenko, A.E.Untilova, N.N.Gorb) optimum modes of storage of many grades of an apple-tree and the pears providing increase of their lezhkosposobnost and biochemical indicators were defined. At the same time the staff of laboratory fulfills modern technologies of preparation of natural high-quality products of processing of fruits and berries. The technology of low-temperature freezing of berries of wild strawberry and raspberry, fruits of plum and other cultures is developed and introduced in production.
Years of an intensification of gardening assumed development of new methods of preservation of trees and a crop in this connection scientific researches of laboratory of protection of plants of station (V.I.Kontrolevich, P.A.Ogirenko) were devoted to development of the integrated system based on accurate knowledge of stages and phases of development, and also definition of thresholds of injuriousness of this or that look. The systems of pest control recommended to production and diseases found and find wide application and confirmation of the efficiency in practice.
Considering prompt changes in the range of delivered preparations, employees – to "defenders" should have the finger on the pulse constantly of an entomologichesky and phytopathologic situation in gardens and to define the most effective ways of decrease in negative impact harmful entomofauny and causative agents of diseases.
More than 10 years station were headed by V. N. Pavlov, Candidate of Economic Sciences. Today responsibility for the management of station it is assigned to Sotnik A.I. The station is presented by agrotechnology department with group of protection of plants and sector of storage and processing of fruit production, department of selection and a sortoizucheniye of a pear, an apple-tree and berry cultures and pitomnikovodstvo laboratory. 45 people work on performance of scope of researches, among them – 14 research associates, from them 4 – the candidate of science; 30 technicians and laboratory assistants.
Walking in a foot over time, the staff of station works over the traditional subject which provides removal and studying of new and introdutsirovanny grades of an apple-tree and (R. D. Babin’s) pear, development of technological questions of production of a landing material of semechkovy and kostochkovy cultures (I.M.Merezhko, V. V. Tankevich), working off of technology and separate agrotechnical receptions of cultivation of modern fruit plantings of an apple-tree and a pear (L.B.Tankevich, N.A.Babintsev). Find the reflection in scope of researches and questions of optimization of modes of storage of fruits of semechkovy cultures in the conditions of the refrigerator and the adjustable gas environment. In recent years it is developed and the program on development of a compounding and technology of preparation of products of processing of fruit and berry raw materials (N.N.Gorb, A.E.Untilova) is successfully carried out.
Scientists of the Crimean experimental station of gardening, despite available problems of economic character, actively work over introduction of the development in production, including to such new villages – x. formations as farms. Communication with gardeners is supported by means of carrying out seminars on technological questions with an exhibition and tasting of fruits, performances in the press and on television. For station annual carrying out Days of the gardener became traditional, where all wishing professionals and fans can not only get a landing material, but also receive exhaustive information on gardening questions. Courses of aprobator with participation of representatives of pitomnikovodchesky farms, private producers of a landing material are annually run also. Experts get acquainted with technological development of scientists of station, study new requirements to production and realization of a landing material, to maintaining documentation, exchange experience.
Restriction of financing of scientific researches in recent years and the reduction of the staff which has followed it of station caused transition to more intense rhythm of work of all its divisions. Unfortunately because of a lack of financing the subject on agrochemical researches, modes and ways of watering of gardens, systems of the maintenance of the soil and some other directions keeping an urgency today is excluded. But also in these difficult conditions scientists of the Crimean experimental station of gardening really represent the professional mission and bend efforts to revival of former glory of the Crimean gardening.
A.Sotnik, the director of the Crimean experimental station of gardening, R. Babin, the deputy director on scientific work, the manager of selection and sortoizucheniye department, the candidate of agricultural sciences, L.Tankevich, the chief of department of an agrotechnology, the candidate of agricultural sciences.