Barley belongs to number of the most ancient cultural plants. On the cultivation areas they concede in Ukraine only to wheat.
Authors of article tell about culture of barley in the Crimea, bring an agrotechnology of cultivation of winter and summer barley into autonomies.
WINTER AND SUMMER BARLEY IN the CRIMEA
Barley belongs to number of the most ancient cultural plants. To it wheat can make the competition only.
Still B.C. barley differed a variety of botanical forms: in excavation find zernovka of double-row and shestiryadny, filmy and golozerny barley. Being the companion of the person, since prehistoric times, barley passed a long way in the development, from the first primitive forms, to modern grades with a high agriculture.
For today on cultivated areas and gross collecting grain, in world agriculture, barley is the fourth culture, conceding to wheat three first a place, to rice and corn. And in Ukraine barley on the areas concedes in Europe only to wheat. It is caused by value of grain in the food, zernofurazhny and technical relation.
Barley – culture high-yielding, drought-resistant, malotrebova-telny to cultivation conditions. Barley much more surpasses wheat in fodder values. Protein of barley contains all set of irreplaceable amino acids, including the especially scarce – a lysine and triptofan. Without barley it is inconceivable otkorm in a svinovodstvo; even a small amount of barley, as a part of compound feeds, promotes strengthening of health of cattle in the stall contents in the winter; influence of barley on increase of a yaytsenosnost of poultry is noted.
Barley is used and in the food industry for grain preparation. The best perlovka turns out from steklovidny grain, and the steklovidnost depends not only on a grade, and in even bigger degree from cultivation conditions. Conditions of the South of Ukraine, and especially steppe Crimea, one of the most suitable for receiving excellent steklovidny grain suitable for receiving the best grain.
In Ukraine barley is presented by winter and summer forms. The separate group is represented by two-handles. They are cultivated, mainly, as winter culture. At crops by spring of the two-handle reach a full maturity at the same time with summer barley, but give usually lowered crop.
Winter and summer barley for today are demanded culture. In Ukraine sow 4,3-4,6 million/hectares, the areas in comparison with the ninetieth years grew almost by 1,5 million hectares, and here productivity considerably decreased.
Experts-economists consider barley of one of perspective cultures. Consumption of barley depends on a condition of our domestic branch of animal husbandry. Besides, Ukraine with success exports surpluses of fodder barley. Lately the first place on export of barley is occupied by Australia, and Ukraine left on the second place having pressed the European Union countries.
Winter and summer barley in the conditions of the Crimean peninsula is necessary for perceiving as two cultures mutually supplementing each other. The total area over the last ten years grew from 178,9 thousand hectares to 237,7 thousand hectares. The ratio of the areas of this two barley directly depends on developing weather climatic conditions: under favorable conditions of autumn (moisture enough for receiving amicable timely shoots), and also at soft winter the big area is occupied by winter barley. If weather climatic conditions for winter barley develop adversely them peresevayut summer barley. Sometimes summer barley peresevayut the lost winter wheat. On productivity superiority keeps winter barley in the Republic of Crimea – 20-30 c/hectares, summer – 10-15 c/hectares (1995-2005) though quite recently crops were much higher.
Both winter, and summer barley the advantages and shortcomings have everyone. Winter barley in a steppe part of the Crimea well winters in warm and average winters when air temperature doesn’t fall below – 200S and when in frosty days on fields there is a snow cover. Frequent thaw with sharp fluctuations of daily temperatures is especially harmful to rewintering of winter barley. On this matter the professor N. N. Klepinin wrote: … temperature fluctuations during winter time when alternate thawing and an earth smerzaniye strongly sprays it that breaks off root system of barley are especially harmful, a consequence of that is the izrezhennost of crops.
Development of selection of winter barley allowed to create in recent years grades of winter barley with rather high winter hardiness, for example, a grade Rising, the APP Crimean institute (the author, Candidate of Biology, the senior research associate of the APP Crimean institute Ugnivenko V. E.). The second lack of winter barley is that it demands much of fertility of the soil: badly it is possible on solonetzic soils Prisivashya and on shchebenisty slopes of foothill areas.
And still winter barley has many advantages. It is rather drought-resistant, uses moisture of the winter and spring period therefore suffers from a drought, than summer less better.
Summer barley differs strong decrease in thickness of a stalk in the top interstice that results in fragility of an ear, and from here and to big losses when harvesting. At winter decrease in diameter of a stalk on interstices is shown to a lesser extent.
In stationary experience of the APP Crimean institute in a devyatipolny crop rotation, on the average for three rotation, productivity of winter barley made 35,1 c/hectares, summer 31,1 c/hectares.
The most important requirements of an agrotechnology at barley cultivation the following. The main processing of the soil under winter barley – small and superficial – irrespective of predecessors – with soil cutting to a melkokomkovaty condition; under the summer – depth of the main processing can vary from loosening on 12-14 cm before plowing on 20-22 cm depending on a number of factors: weather climatic conditions of year, existence of equipment and, the main thing, from a contamination of each concrete field. Fields littered with long-term kornevishchny and korneotpryskovy weeds are better for plowing. – the first – the second decade of October, later terms lead terms of crops of winter barley to kustistost restriction, efficiency of an ear decreases and, as a result, productivity decreases. Summer barley is necessary for sowing in superearly terms as soon as exit possibility in a field is represented and it is possible to start preseeding preparation of the soil and for crops. Norms of seeding of winter barley – 3,5-4,5, summer barley – 3,5-4 million vskhozhy grains on hectare. Depth of seal of seeds of barley no more than 6 cm as they negatively react to deep seal of seeds. Barley, both winter, and summer, is very sympathetic on fertility of the soil and on application of fertilizers.
Mineral fertilizers are most expedient for bringing under the main processing of the soil by N40R40 dose. According to the Crimean experimental station introduction of this dose of fertilizers increased productivity of winter barley by 5,1 c/hectares, summer on 2,7 c/hectares. In years increases of productivity of winter barley favorable on moistening left 10-12 c/hectares, summer – 5-7 c/hectares. (average data in 28 years).
Now there are grades of winter barley with potential productivity to 80 c/hectares, summer to 60 c/hectares, it is necessary to observe elementary rules of an agrotechnology only.
On forecasts already in this season of the price for fodder barley will grow by 15 % and more.
L. RADCHENKO, the deputy director on a science of the APP Crimean institute, K.Zhenchenko, the manager. laboratories of agriculture of the APP Crimean institute.