In article expediency of application of the minimum and zero processing of the soil, depending on specific conditions of a field is given reason.
The minimum processing of the soil allows to reduce production expenses (counting on 1 hectare of crops) by 15-20 %, including fuel consumption for 30-35 %; to increase labor productivity of hectare of 25-30 %, to protect the soil from erosion, to increase the maintenance of the organic
The minimum processing of the soil allows to reduce production expenses (counting on 1 hectare of crops) by 15-20 %, including fuel consumption for 30-35 %; to increase labor productivity of hectare of 25-30 %, to protect the soil from erosion, to increase the content of organic substance in the top layer of earth and in many cases to provide an equal crop of cultures in comparison to traditional plowing. On the other hand, unreasonable application of such processing causes sharp increase in a contamination of the crops, causing need of application of herbicides owing to what power consumption of a way of the minimum processing of the soil raises.
It is necessary to consider and that fact that at the minimum processings (zero, superficial, small bezotvalny) because of existence of the vegetative remains supply of plants by nitrogen decreases by surfaces of the soil. It causes of additional introduction of mineral fertilizers and increases power consumption of applied processings.
At long use of system of the minimum processings the tendency of consolidation of the soil is obviously looked through.
Results of a long field experiment showed that systematic use of zero and small bezotvalny processing of the soil against mineral fertilizers in the first rotation of a pyatipolny zernopropashny crop rotation the otvalny allopelagic provided almost same efficiency of a crop rotation, as well as. However this equality remained only during the first rotation. Already in the second rotation of a crop rotation the crop shortage on zero processing reached 43µ/hectare zern.ed., that is equivalent to loss of one field. The contamination of crops sharply increased.
At the same time, short-term (1-2 years) application of the minimum ways of processing of the soil, especially when using herbicides and fertilizers, in most cases doesn’t conduct to essential increase in a contamination of crops and decrease in productivity of cultures in comparison with plowing.
The analysis of results of researches shows that all positive sides of the minimum processings are effectively realized in strictly certain conditions.
First, such processings can’t be used under all without a culture exception. According to the generalized data, field cultures on extent of decrease of positive reaction to minimization of processing of soils it is possible to arrange in the following order: the winter grain – summer grain – annual herbs – a buckwheat – sunflower – corn – a sugar beet.
Secondly, it is desirable to use the minimum and zero processings on the predecessors providing essential clarification of fields from weeds at the expense of biological features of predecessors and a way of processing of the soil under it. Optimum predecessors in all cases are black, early and taken sideralny pairs, winter, propashny and leguminous crops, and only under a condition if under them deep otvalny or bezotvalny processing is carried out.
In the third, for such processings soils with average and high level of effective fertility, easy and average granulometric structure first of all are suitable. These conditions protect the soil from excessive consolidation, provide receiving economically expedient level of a crop of cultures. On soils with low fertility minimization of processing should be accompanied by application of fertilizers surely.
In the fourth, because of the fixed fact of increase of a contamination of crops of the cultures which are grown up at systematic application of the minimum ways of processing of the soil, use of the last should be limited depending on soil type: on chernozems – two years, on gray wood and cespitose and podsolic soils – single application. Otherwise processing of crops by herbicides becomes an indispensable condition.
It is necessary to consider and a number of the conditions which are not allowing modern units, intended for the minimum processing of the soil, to create necessary cutting of a sowing layer (existence of the large vegetative remains on fields, excessive recompaction because of cleaning of previous culture in damp weather, etc.).
The system of processing of the soil should be developed with reference to each field and the massif taking into account concrete soil climatic conditions.
(On Zemledeliye magazine materials).