Article contains speech of the professor, the deputy director on study, YuF "KATU" NAU.
PLN – 4-35+SHB+ZKKSH
Field husbandry basis, irrespective of form of ownership, there is a crop rotation. It is the agriculture base on which are based system of processing of the soil, application of fertilizers, action for land reclamation and protection of cultivated cultures from weeds, wreckers and diseases, and the soil – from different types of an erosion. The crop rotation allows to use rationally means of production and the earth, more effectively to organize agricultural works.
In a zone of risky agriculture of the Crimea the best predecessor of winter wheat – pure steam. In recent years the part pure parov is used for cultivation of a winter rape with placement after it winter wheat.
As good predecessors for winter wheat consider also busy pairs. Their value is defined by structure of parozanimayushchy cultures and features of weather conditions of year. The best parozanimayushchy cultures are winter bean and cereals and cabbage and cereal mixes on a green forage, esparcet on one hay crop. The earlier the parozanimayushchy culture, the above a crop of high-quality grain is cleaned winter wheat can provide.
It is possible to call satisfactory predecessors corn and a sorghum-sudankovye hybrids on a green forage and a silo.
Sternevye predecessors, owing to a strong siccation of the soil, unilateral carrying out of nutrients, fast reproduction of wreckers and diseases don’t provide, as a rule, a big crop, grain of wheat turns out low quality.
Unequal value listed above predecessors in accumulation and preservation of moisture is confirmed and in the conditions of 2008. So, during exclusively droughty summer period according to our data for 12.08.08, in YuF "KATU" NAU after sternevy grains of predecessors on a skilled field in a meter layer of earth moisture available to plants completely was absent: after a sorghum its stocks made 17,7 mm and after esparceta (1 hay crop) – 33,9 mm. Let’s remind that for receiving amicable shoots winter the content of available moisture in the top 0-20 cm a layer should make 18-20 mm.
Efficiency of listed and other predecessors is fully shown at observance of the correct system of processing of the soil taking into account weather conditions developing in concrete year.
Due to the tightening of terms of development and cleaning of predecessors winter on the crop’s eve of 2009, it is necessary to pay special attention to quality of processing of the soil for more organized carrying out winter sowing in the current year.
First of all, it is necessary to do the utmost for preservation and accumulation in the soil of available moisture: after release of fields immediately (after cleaning of predecessors) to carry out lushcheny soils shirokozakhvatny disk hoeing plows or disk harrows: LDG-10, BDT-7, BDVP-4,2, BDV-6,5, BD-10, etc.
At timely and its high-quality carrying out on depth of 6-8 cm and a melkokomkovaty condition of the soil on such fields in the subsequent it will be possible to refuse the main processing and only to create a seed bed cultivators with lancet paws on depth of seal of seeds (5-7 cm), and to create favorable preconditions for receiving amicable shoots at crops in optimum terms.
The last decades we actively pass to resource-saving system of processing of soils with use of bezotvalny tools (including ploskorezov), antierosion cultivators, disk harrows. This system of processing of the soil, well studied by scientific institutions of the Crimea, is based on favorable agrophysical properties of chernozems of the southern and dark-chestnut soils of the Crimea and is recommended for introduction with some adjustments for the salted soils Prisivashya.
Experience of development of this system testifies that many heads and experts showed the "superficial" relation to processing of fields in spite of that it provides transition to higher level of managing on the earth (standard of farming) and first of all, formations of fields (sites) leveled both on fertility level, and with the leveled surface for thorough training of the soil on depth of seal of seeds and the subsequent carrying out high-quality sowing.
Results of our researches testify that at a traditional approach with use of plows, ploskorezov or heavy disk harrows glybisty (grubokomkovaty) cutting of the soil doesn’t provide optimum conditions for seal of seeds to the soil on the set depth and therefore even at sufficient moistening of the soil by a precipitation late autumn steblesty it turns out izrezhenny, not leveled on development of plants and, as a result – subject to negative impacts of adverse weather conditions during the winter and spring period.
At melkokomkovaty cutting distribution of the main part of seeds (more than 70 %) on the set depth of seal is reached, receiving amicable shoots, their normal development since autumn is provided.
In a trace behind cleaning of predecessors, bean cultures, propashny with careful cleaning of the vegetative remains (corn or a sorghum on a silo and a green forage, etc.) which land weight is cleaned on a forage, it is necessary to carry out lushcheny soils disk tools, then to process soil-cultivating units of the KPE-3,8 type, KTS-10-1, KKP-6, KShN-5,6, AKT-4 and others with obligatory placement behind lancet paws leveling a loop beam and sections annulate shporovyx (annulate and gear) skating rinks. For one pass such unit makes soil loosening on 7-9 cm, provides a melkokomkovaty condition of the cut soil, cutting of vegetiruyushchy weeds and alignment of a surface of the soil.
At introduction under the main processing of organic fertilizers (manure) it is possible to apply the combined arable units (a plow + leveling a loop beam + section annulate shporovogo a skating rink) with depth of processing 16-18 see. At krupnoglybisty cutting the soil is possible to a melkokomkovaty condition the combined BIG-3 units + to ZKKSh, annulate shporovymi or annulate and gear skating rinks KTP-7,8, KPP-6, KZK-6 and others.
If in connection with introduction of organic fertilizers terms of the main processing of the soil (August – the first half of September) are tightened – it is necessary to carry out disk processing of the soil (BDT-7, BDVP-4,2, BDV-6,5, etc.) with seal of organic fertilizers and thus their efficiency will be not lower, than at seal to the soil a plow or a lemeshny hoeing plow, and taking into account economic calculations (an expense of fuels and lubricants, terms of preparation of fields) – higher.
Fields with a high contamination korneotpryskovy weeds are more expedient for planning under summer cultures. For fight against a sow-thistle pink, the bitterling creeping, a bindweed field it is more expedient to apply an exhaustion method, i.e. the improved system of zyablevy processing with repeated level-by-level cutting of weeds, and against a wheat grass creeping and svinoroya palchaty, growing, mainly, on the opened vineyards, gardens and forest belts, soil processing on a method of suffocation, a siccation will be effective and, as a whole, will help to revitalize an agrofytosanitory condition of fields under the subsequent crops. When using such fields under winter crops the centers of korneotpryskovy or kornevishchny weeds should be processed herbicides – glifosatami (A snow-storm, Hurricane forte, Raundap, etc.).
At care of earlier processed fields (cutting of shoots of weeds, destruction of a soil crust) is necessary to use shirokozakhvatny ploskorezhushchy working bodies (such as Miller’s racks) on depth of 5-6 cm, and also units of zubovy harrows with the welded-on segments. It is necessary to remember that the excessive hobby for deepening of processing of the soil only on 1 cm leads to additional expenses – 60-90 l of combustive-lubricating materials on each 100 hectares, thus productivity of operation of units decreases for 5-10 %.
When processing soil by ploskorezhushchy working bodies including lancet paws, overlapping them should make 7-9 cm, only at such arrangement complete cutting of weeds is reached. At reduction of overlappings of working bodies to 3-4 cm (and such overlappings are created on the majority of steam cultivators) cutting of weeds doesn’t exceed 66-70 %.
When using cultivators – ploskorezov by preparation of fields both under winter, and under summer cultures, it is necessary to pass to gear working bodies which have a number of advantages before rectilinear (these professors L.F.Babitsky):
– cuts between teeths are executed on a logarithmic spiral (a biological prototype – digging extremities of a medvedka and a unicorn beetle) that provides sliding and a soil descent, eliminates a zabivaniye;
– the furrow bottom (density of the soil lower %) isn’t condensed on 12-14;
– traction resistance decreases by 15-17 %, the expense of fuels and lubricants respectively decreases;
– at the expense of increase in extent of dyeing the glybistost decreases in 1,4-1,7 times;
– the maintenance of erosive and dangerous particles in the top layer decreases by 9-11 % (at the expense of their sifting in the bottom layers);
– the width and depth of a razvalny furrow in 1,5-1,7 times decreases and extent of preservation of an eddish increases by 15-17 %;
– at a soil convergence from a back part of a ploughshare there is its additional dyeing;
– the length of life (durability) of bilateral gear ploughshares increases in 1,5 times at the expense of shift at wear of a forward cutting part.
For the solution of questions of completion ploskorezov it is necessary to submit the specified working bodies demands for their manufacturing.
On a part of the areas winter crops will be cultivated on the No-till technology – direct crops by modern sowing complexes of Horsh – the Agro-union, "Sirius-10", seeders Greyt Pleynz, "Soliter" and others. Thus it is necessary to remember that such technologies are necessary for applying in the conditions excluding placement of winter wheat after sternevy predecessors, after winter wheat, winter barley, on fields with long alignment as soil surface, and uniformity of distribution of nutrients in it (on the basis of application of elements of "exact agriculture"), preliminary entering of phosphoric fertilizers into more humidified layer into a stock taking into account results of agrochemical inspection and observance of some other requirements. Such technologies will take over time a worthy place in plant growing of the Crimea after carrying out scientific examination with reference to peninsula soil climatic conditions.
Due to the intensive distribution on fields of a quarantine malicious weed – ambrosias polynnolistny, along with destruction of its shoots in the course of soil machining under winter, it is necessary to carry out a skashivaniye of weeds on roadsides of roads and other not processed places to a butonizatsiya phase. It will give the chance to reduce probability of a laying of additional kidneys in a radical zone and the subsequent growth of a weed.
N.Osenny, the professor, the deputy director on study, YuF "KATU" NAU.