In article the complex of actions on the care of an orchard is listed. Besides, features of formation pear crowns are noted.
In a complex of actions on the care of an orchard the special role is allocated for formation and a scrap of trees. In the first years after landing by means of these operations the desirable form of krone is created, corners of an otkhozhdeniye of the main branches are regulated, conditions for early and stable fructification are prepared.
With approach of fructification of the obrezky support the set parameters of trees, regulate an age ratio of plodoobrazuyushchy wood in krone, normalize loading a potential crop for preservation of high marketability of fruits.
Modern gardening is focused on creation of skoroplodny plantings with the optimized parameters of density of landing, schemes of placement of trees and their sizes.
From grown-up semechkovy cultures the greatest specific weight in structure of long-term fruit plantings traditionally is occupied by an apple-tree making less rigid demands to conditions of cultivation and terms of realization of fruits. As to a pear as cultures, it is necessary to note that its "claims" aren’t limited to a framework of soil conditions (in particular at cultivation on an ayvovy stock). For creation of a skoroplodny and highly productive garden, besides all other technological components, it is possible to call one of important requirements timely and high-quality works on formation and a scrap of trees.
The majority of grades of the pear included in the Register, from the biological point of view are inclined to formation of uzkogabaritny krone with rather acute angles of an otkhozhdeniye of the main branches from the central conductor. And as a result of it, lengthening of the unproductive period, prevalence of vegetative processes over generativny and significant increase in height of trees which even on an ayvovy stock can reach four and more meters. Noted processes indicate once again need of svoyeyovremenny agrotechnical intervention in process of formation of trees, applications of a complex of the receptions, allowing to prevent the undesirable phenomena and to direct all activity of growth on creation of productive krone.
In practice of gardening many receptions used at creation of this or that form of krone are known. But the secateurs by means of which it is possible to carry out a kronirovaniye after landing, cutting superfluous prirostov, truncation are most often applied. Unfortunately, for a pear of it it is not enough. Whatever form of krone was put in the project of a laying of a garden, without such important operation as compulsory increase in corners of an otkhozhdeniye of future main branches not to manage. If it not to make at once after their emergence, subsequently it will be almost impossible to make up for lost time, especially if to consider that wood at pear trees rather fragile and prirosty (branches) are very easily broken off in otkhozhdeniye places from the central conductor.
At comparison of different systems of formation of krone in experimental plantings of the Crimean experimental station of gardening the deviation of the main branches at trees of a pear promoted productivity increase in the first years of fructification in 1,5 times in comparison with standard practices of formation.
The effect from applied receptions will be the most notable if to consider high-quality features of a pear. For example, for well-known in the Crimea of grades Taurian and Bør Bosk approaches to krone formation (together with to a scrap in fructification) will differ in connection with different pobegoproizvoditelny ability, activity of growth and nature of filling of volume of krone with plodoobrazuyushchy wood. Grade trees Bør Bosk are inclined to creation of "friable" krone with rather small amount of branchings and, therefore, weak filling with fruit educations. In this regard plantings of this grade without additional measures often concede on efficiency to other grades. To correct a situation it is possible, if in krone formation purposefully to work with future main branches, namely, to increase corners of their otkhozhdeniye till 55-60 °, to carry out not less than two green operations on removal of escapes of a vertical orientation and obviously zhiruyushchy character. Which growth essentially above, than at bulk will be useful reception also prishchipyvany rival escapes and the escapes. All these measures are directed on control of rostovy activity and acceleration of development of fruit educations.
Concerning such grades as Taurian, the Highlight of the Crimea, Emerald it is necessary to note that they are characterized by some best filling of krone with acquiring wood, but for the purpose of reduction of the unproductive period and "landing" of a zone of fructification it is necessary to correct corners of an otkhozhdeniye of the main branches, without forgetting about a timely prorezhivaniye of krone and maintenance of an optimum age ratio of plodoobrazuyushchy wood with approach of the period of fructification. It is necessary to remember that the fruit kidney is formed much more actively if year gain which develop on the 3-4th summer branches, and also on central conductor, to give horizontal situation that it is possible to make as during the winter and spring period at the main a scrap of trees, and in the second half of the vegetative period when they are in an oblistvenny condition and finished active growth.
L.TANKEVICH,
head of department of technology of cultivation, storage and processing of fruits,
Crimean experimental station of gardening, candidate of agricultural sciences
3. ARIFOVA, younger research associate.