The author of article acquaints readers with one of pear versions – a pear sandy and its grades.
Special and different – a pear sandy
History of a pear sandy in for 1100 B.C., av Japan it grew up already in VIIIveke, but large industrial plantings didn’t exist till 1868.
For last centuries the numerous grades which are essentially different from each other on the size of fruits, to their form, taste, a pulp consistence, coloring of a thin skin and many other signs were created.
Distinguish two versions of a pear sandy: with pear-shaped fruits of average size and with larger yablokovidny fruits which, actually, also designate a pear Japanese.
Pear sandy – a listopadny tree in height to 9 m, with the thick, direct, not trimmed branches which seldom terminate in thorns. Root system of plants of rod type with numerous lateral branchings. Wood – friable, white color, firm. Bark of a trunk and branches smooth, brownish-brown color.
Both the European pear, and its East Asian version – plants of moderately humid climate (warm summer and soft, but cold winter). The minimum quantity of an atmospheric precipitation should be not less than 800 mm at their uniform distribution during the whole year. Asian pears, thanks to the origin, are more thermophilic and consequently concede to the European grades in frost resistance a little. However they perfectly grow and fructify in climatic conditions of the Kherson area (the area adjacent to. New Kakhovka).
Depending on an origin (the Chinese or Japanese grades) at trees the uzkopiramidalny, oval or drooping, plakuchy krone to 3 m in diameter is formed. Kidneys of a conic or yaytsevidny form, naked or trimmed. Leaves large, to 12 cm of length and 7 cm of width, integral, an oval form, smooth, brilliant. Young leaves – slaboopushenny. Edge – pilchaty. Chereshok of leaves thick, naked, 3,0-4,5 cm of length.
Flower of a pear sandy large, to 3,5 cm in diameter. Appear usually in the second half of March – the beginning of April. They are brought together in the multifloral compressed inflorescences, on 4-17 pieces in everyone. Sit a flower on separate legs or groups on one pedicel. Oboyepolye. The nimbus consists of 5 petals. Petals white, it is rare with a pink shade in even unblown bud.
The pear sandy in the first or second decades of April blossoms. Flowering of amicable, 7-10 days. All plants give enough of viable pollen, thanks to it they are good vzaimoopylyaemy grades. Japanese grades partially samoplodny, but they give the best crops at cross-pollination.
Depending on a grade fruit form yablokovidny, oval or pear-shaped. Fruits large and very large, to 19 cm in diameter. The average weight makes 250-450 g, maximum – 1 kg. A thin skin of fruits – bronze-brown, green or yellowish-green; opaque, rough to the touch; thin and strong. Chechevichka are disseminated through all surface.
Unlike classical European grades the pear sandy has other consistence of pulp of ripe fruits – crackling and gentle, it very juicy and sweet, with specific aroma and unique taste; white, with a light yellow shade.
Average productivity of plants of a pear sandy makes 75-85 kg/villages.
By analogy to a pear ordinary grades of a pear sandy should be carried to autumn or winter. Their fruits start to ripen with the end of August and can be stored without change of flavoring qualities till April-May.
Cultivars enter fructification for 2-3 year after an inoculation. The summer okulirovka and a winter kopulirovka (simple or English improved) are considered as the most widespread way of reproduction.
The imparted plants, depending on a grade, are formed two types – standard and dwarfish. The first type is inherent in Japanese grades with the tall pyramidal krone, the second – to the Chinese grades with less tall sprawling krone.
For an inoculation gardeners consider as the best stocks a pear berezolistny and OldHomexFanningbale513. It is possible to use with success seyanets of a pear ordinary, a quince and a mountain ash house. However, the plants imparted on these types of stocks, lose in force of growth, in fructification they enter only at four-year age. In addition to it duration of their life decreases.
For receiving a regular crop for plants of a pear it is necessary annual strong a scrap as formation of fruits occurs, mainly, on short escapes – spurax.
The pear sandy – the donor of stability to a bacterial burn, possesses rather high immunnost to a number of diseases. In Japan defeat of fruits, leaves and branches of separate grades is noted by black decay. However the best modern grades of "Chojuro", “TwentiethCentury” (“Nijsseki” synonym) “, Shinseiki”, “Doitsu” and “Ishiiwase” which are considered standard, are steady against this disease.
Among the wreckers putting essential damages to all types of pears, the deaf adder pear is in the lead. However on Asian types of Pyrusmedyanica less willingly postpones eggs, than for P grades. communis.
Here the best grades of Japanese selection yielding green or flavovirent fruits:
Nijisseiki (Twentieth Century) – a grade is received as a result of selection among seed posterity in 1898 in Matsudo. Average size, silnorosly, fruitful. Fruits large, diameter 66 see. Mass of 146,5 g. Integumentary coloring of a thin skin – chartreuse. High quality. Are stored till the end of December.
Shinseiki – a grade is received as a result of selection in seed posterity from NijisseikixChojiro crossing in 1945. Average size, strongly tall, fruitful. Fruits large, diameter 66,7 see. Weight – 153,2 g. Integumentary coloring – chartreuse. Excellent quality. Are stored till February.
Chojuro – a grade is selected among seed posterity in 1896 in Kawasaki. Average size, very strongly tall, very fruitful. Fruits large, diameter 66,4 see. Weight – 149,6 g. Integumentary coloring – typical green. Excellent quality. Are stored till February.
Doitsu–a grade is selected in seed posterity. Average size, so-so tall, fruitful. Fruits large, diameter 68,8 see. Weight – 151,6 g. Integumentary coloring – yellow. Fine quality. Are stored till the end of January.
Ishiwase – a grade is received from Nijisseki x Doitsu crossing in 1921 in Ichikava. Undersized, average productivity. Fruits very large, diameter 74,5 see. Weight to 200 g. Integumentary coloring – olive-brown. High quality. Are stored till the end of December.
Grades of the Chinese selection:
Tsu Li – a grade of an unknown origin. Slaborosly, fruitful. Fruits very large, diameter 74,9 see. Weight – 241,8 g. Integumentary coloring – yellow or yellowish-green. High quality. Are stored till the end of January.
Ya Li–grade of an unknown origin. Slaborosly, fruitful. Fruits large, diameter 69,5 see. Weight – 198,5 g. Integumentary coloring – chartreuse. Excellent quality. Are stored till the end of December.
S.Hokhlov, the candidate of agricultural sciences, the Nikitsky botanical garden – National scientific center.