In this article the technology of use not is offered a grain part of a crop as fertilizer. It locates a number of reasons of agronomical and organizational and economic character. Seal of the crushed straw to the soil carry out a disk hoeing plow, a disk harrow or small plow without predpluzhnik.
For acceleration of decomposition of straw it is necessary to bring 8-10 kg of active ingredient of nitric fertilizers on 1 t of straw.
USE NOT the GRAIN PART of the CROP ON FERTILIZER
At sharp reduction of a livestock of agricultural animals and formation of surpluses of straw it is expedient to apply system of fertilizers where manure in organic fertilizers will be replaced by straw.
According to recommendations of group of scientists of the Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian sciences: the academician, the professor, the doctor of agricultural sciences F.Adamenya and the staff of the Crimean institute of agroindustrial production E.Turina – the candidate of agricultural sciences, the senior research associate of laboratory of plant growing and a kormoproizvodstvo and N. Sulima – the laboratory assistant of laboratory of plant growing and a kormoproizvodstvo is offered technology of use of not grain part of a crop as fertilizer. It locates a number of reasons of agronomical and organizational and economic character: providing the soil with organic substance, reduction of proizvodstvenyony expenses and economy of work thanks to elimination of works on cleaning, transportation, pogruzke and to straw unloading, a razbyorasyvaniye of a laying and a manure udayoleniye from stalls, its loading and unloading, an uklayodyvaniye in stacks and a razbrayosyvaniya across the field. The course and speed a razlozheyoniya of straw depends on type of the soil, its physical, chemical and biological properties, climatic usyoloviya, and also from a look and sostava a wrapped-up rastiyotelny material.
For acceleration of decomposition of straw and elimination of its depressiruyushchy influence on a crop it is necessary dobavleyony mineral nitrogen.
On a fermentation of 1 t solomy it is necessary to bring 8-10 kg of active ingredient of nitric fertilizers. At a soyoderzhaniye in the soil podvizhnogo phosphorus above 3 mg on 100 g of the soil it is possible to be limited to introduction only 10 kg/hectares of active ingredient of fosyoforny fertilizers with semenami. At the content of podvizhyony phosphorus less than 2 mg on 100 g of the soil are necessary to bring a full rekomenduyeyomy dose of phosphoric udobyoreniye.
In avoidance the povrezhdeyoniya winter grain a zhuzheyolitsa, follows experts of a selsyoky economy pomnit that straw leaving under winter crops vozyomozhno only if a lushcheniye is made in 2 – 3-week term after cleaning. Otherwise solomu it is necessary to leave only under propashny or summer grain crops.
Efficiency of the posleuboyorochny remains depends not only on their quantity, but also from uniform a raspredeleyoniya across the field (existence of spots and strips of different thickness) that promotes creation of non-uniform conditions for growth of plants. Note the following osnovyony consequences of neravnoyomerny distribution of the posyoleuborochny remains:
1) non-uniform progreyovaniye of the soil in the spring: under boyoly a thick layer of the posleuboyorochny remains it nastupaet later. As a result the soil keeps up not at the same time and as the sledyostviye of it is the kayochestvo of processings, otodvigayutsya crops terms decreases. Shoots of cultural plants nedyoruzhny, from under a thick layer postharvest ostatkov they appear later and izrezhenny;
2) decrease in quality poseva because of a zabivaniye of working bodies in places of a congestion of the postharvest remains;
3) complication of fight against weed vegetation both mechanical, and himiyochesky in the ways. In places of a congestion of the postharvest remains the most part of posleuborochyony herbicides doesn’t reach the soil, is late and inactivated by them; also kontayoktny herbicides here are less effective;
4) for a predotvrayoshcheniye of an izrezhivaniye of shoots and improvement of growth of young plants it is necessary vnosit higher doses of fertilizers, especially azotyony;
5) deterioration of fytosanitory conditions: under a tolsyoty layer of the postharvest remains blagopyoriyatny conditions for an aktiviyozatsiya of activators of a row soil and others are created by the bolezyony;
6) the congestion of the postharvest remains is an istochyonik of food and shelter for rodents.
In this regard for an obespeyocheniye high effektivnosti soil-protective a zemledeyoliya it is necessary ravnomeryony (to ±20-25 for %) a raspredeyoleniye across the field of the posleuborochyony remains, especially at their large number.
As the main treyobovaniye it is necessary to consider that straw remains in the field in vide sechka or in other izmelyyochyonny form. Only provided that it is possible dobitsya necessary for a razloyozheniye of straw of uniform distribution and with smaller expenses to close up it in pochvu.
For straw crushing Field and Yenisei-1200 SK-5 combines are equipped with grinder PUN-5, and Don-1500 combines – the PKN-1500 adaptation. Scattering of all not grain part of a crop (the crushed straw and polova) is necessary osushhestvlyat for width of capture of a harvester. For this purpose izmelchiteli are equipped specialnymi with spreaders, pozvoyolyayushchy to reach neobkhoyodimy width the razbrasyvayoniya.
Seal crushed solomy to the soil carry out a disk hoeing plow, a disk harrow or small plow without predpluzhnikov. Disk lushhilnikami LDG-20, LDG-15A and disk harrows BDT-10, BDT-7,0A, BDT-3,0 a soloyomenny sechka close up right after harvesting. Depending on conditions it is possible vyseyat pozhnivny culture. The raised treyobovaniye are shown to seyoyalka which should provide on a future way a ryadka cutting of the posleuboyorochny remains or a peremeyoshcheniye them in the parties, sformirovat a sowing crack with equal and condensed se-myalozhy, evenly razmestit seeds, to cover them the soil and to condense it.
In order that the pozhnivny remains rendered naibolyyoshy efficiency, they should protect a soil poverkhyonost during the most dangerous season from a point a zreyoniya of development of an erosion. In kukuruzo-and soyeseyushchy regions this eroziyno dangerous period begins in the early spring (in April) and comes to an end to a formiroyovaniye of well developed rasyotitelny cover (on July 1-10). In the northern region the veroyatyonost of the rain period when the erosion develops, increases, besides, there are dusty storms and, as result, razviyoty a wind erosion more often.
Soya crops xarakterizuyutsya quite high tendency to an erosion, especially on the first period of vegetation.
Practice of the American farmers testifies: if stalks of corn or a soya to leave on poverxnosti soils and to process chizelevaniy or diskovaniyoy, then they protect the soil from an erosion. However, esli prior to the beginning of crops provesti a chizelevaniye or a kultiyovatsiya, on a soil surface already remains the vegetative remains less, and it again reduces a soil zashchishchenyonost from an erosion during the peryovy period of vegetation of a soya. Because in separate regions of a soyeseyaniye of 50-70 % of an erosion happens during the period from crops to optimum rosta plants, the covering pochvy vegetative ostatkami only during the autumn and zimyony periods gives only chasyotichny effect of reduction of a water soil erosion. Such practice is the most effective for fight against an erosion in those regions where it is possible during the period since the end of autumn, in the winter and vesyony.
(On magazine materials To Fermerska a hospodariate).