Creation of modern industrial gardens of an apple-tree is based generally on formation of slaborosly plantings, and as a basis for them dwarfish stocks with the corresponding selection of grades serve. However, their production demands big expenses.
About technology of receiving a landing material, possibilities of decrease in capital expenditure at a laying of a garden authors of article write.
Options of decrease in expenses are given in the publication, making use of domestic and foreign experience: creation of a srednerosly stock with genetically slaborosly grade will be the best option.
ATTENTION SREDNEROSLYM to GARDENS
Gardening problems
Creation of modern industrial grades of an apple-tree is based generally on formation of the slaborosly plantings early entering fructification and providing big crops. As a basis for them dwarfish stocks with the corresponding selection of grades serve. For production of saplings the slaborosly stock of M 9 is generally used. The American, German, Polish, Ukrainian, Russian Michurinsk and Krasnodar types are close kny on force of growth. The grades imparted on them form the small skoroplodny trees convenient for leaving. Their sizes allow to use more effectively the ground area and photosynthetic potential of a sheet surface of plants. For this purpose on each hectare takes place but 1000-1500 and more trees.
However such technology demands big costs of acquisition of a landing material, Besides also cost of saplings because of need of their improvement from viruses and other activators considerably increases. And there is more to come. At used slaborosly stocks superficially settling down root system is poorly developed. Its roots very fragile. Therefore for the trees imparted on dwarfs, the constant support is necessary. Without it plants at the first industrial crops can already bend under their weight, and at strong winds to fall. The part of roots thus will break off. That it didn’t happen, it is necessary to establish a reliable lane.
And how it is possible to lower capital expenditure at a laying of a garden? First of all – to refuse a lane. But it is possible only upon transition to more silnorosly stocks possessing a big yakornost. There can be some options. One yaz them – use of a slaborosly insert at cultivation of saplings in nursery. Such technology is developed in a number of scientific institutions of Ukraine and Russia. It is for this purpose used silnorosly seyantsevy and semi-dwarfish stocks on which the slaborosly insert of M 9 in the beginning takes root, and on it already – a necessary grade. It provides reliable stability of trees in a garden, but inevitably complicates process of production of saplings, udorozhaet their cost. Besides such design of a tree doesn’t guarantee full safety of plants as at a slaborosly insert fragile wood, at big loading a crop and strong flaws it can break.
Other option is used in gardening of Moldova. Okulirovka in nursery is led on a slaborosly stock of M 9 at height of 20-30 cm from soil level. And saplings at a laying of a garden land with a zaglubleniye to an inoculation place. Thus the considerable root trunk that promotes development of roots on bigger depth is formed. But also in this case at strong winds there are possibilities of breakages of trees at soil level because of fragility of wood M 9.
At last, there were attempts to provide stability to the trees imparted on M of 9 by the device of a steady design from two or three trees, creating from them similarity of big pyramids by an inclination of their tops to each other. But it increases number of plants on unit of area. During too time the connected plants shade each other, without giving possibility fully to use the photosynthetic material.
Probably, it is necessary to return to former practice of use of silnorosly seyanets or semi-dwarfish stocks of type M 106. Many years in nurseries of the Crimea as stocks were used by seyanets Crimean sinapov, first of all Sara Sinapa. They give very homogeneous podvojnyjmaterial and are rather steady against diseases. To prepare their seeds doesn’t represent big complexity while in old gardens their versions remained. White Sinop giving very qualitative and lezhky production is most interesting. The greatest areas occupied with it, can be successfully used as seed base, seyanets are of interest as the pure bezvirusny material which is not demanding careful biotechnological check and improvement. Fortunately, at an apple-tree viruses aren’t transferred with pollen during flowering. Therefore seeds remain free from them. It considerably facilitates work pitomnikovodov. In too time, clonal stocks demand systematic testing of uterine plantings and, if necessary, the corresponding work on improvement of a vegetative material.
However, at transfer of gardens to more silnorosly stocks there are the difficulties connected with the big sizes of trees formed on them. In this case it is necessary to use genetic potential of existing grades. It is necessary to remember that in due time revolution in gardening emergence of natural mutants-spurtipov long ago cultivated grades, first of all made groups Delishesa and Golden Delishesa. One of the first spurov Delishes – Starkrimson even called biological miracle and sold on it licenses for big money. For small term among them revealed tens similar clones. Then the fashion on them passed. There were selection novelties.
After continuous transition to slaborosly gardens absolutely forgot what to limit the sizes of trees it is possible, combining a silnorosly or srednerosly stock with genetically slaborosly grade. Starkrimson, Goldspur, Kubanspur and some other are that spurtipy. The Nikitsky botanical garden together with the Moldavian scientific research institute of fruit growing created a number of genetically slaborosly grades. Among them a summer grade the Successor of the South, autumn – Luchafer and Kodrovsky, winter – the Operand, Minks and some other which are zoned in Moldova.
The successor of the South possesses an outstanding skoroplodnost. Coevals in nursery can blossom even. Other interesting feature of a grade – the flowering stretched in time which lasts about two weeks. In recent years, when frosts in the Crimea ruined almost all crop of gardens, the Successor of the South remained with a crop though early dismissed a flower perished. Fruits were formed at the expense of late dismissed buds.
Other grade – Luchafer forming small plakuchy krone, inherited from Pepinka Litovskoy is worthy also. And, at last, Wagner Prizovogo’s almost full slaborosly copy is slaborosly Kubanspur. Is interesting the Minks, capable to fructify with the third year of life at its inoculation on M 106. This list at desire can be continued.
Lessons of the last three years when in the Crimea because of spring frosts the most part of a crop was lost, force to understand that it is impossible to place slaborosly gardens of an apple-tree in cold valleys. It we already meaningly increase yield loss possibilities at approach of spring frosts. There place to tall trees. Terms of their introduction in fructification can be accelerated considerably, applying receptions of bending back of branches and using skoroplodny grades. Slaboroslye needs to be created landings on sublime sites of slopes, from where masses of cold air flow down down.
Thus, transition to more silnorosly landings, refusal of lane installation, the accounting of influence of features of a relief to a temperature mode in gardens, use of skoroplodny slaborosly grades on silnorosly stocks, use of the revitalized landing material allows to lower essentially capital expenditure for a laying of new gardens and to increase their profitability. On morozoopasny sites it is possible to create silnorosly plantings Kandil Sinapa which will be insurance fund, and also seed matochnik. Rationally combining genetic potential of grades and various types of gardens it is possible to lower essentially capital expenditure and losses from winter and spring falls of temperature.
Creation of a srednerosly stock with genetically slaborosly grade will be the best option.
Century SMYKOV, doctor of agricultural sciences, And. SMYKOV, candidate of agricultural sciences of the Nikitsky botanical garden.