In article it is a question of Vavilov Nikolay Ivanoviche, scientific with a world name; as him called the Encyclopaedist of the twentieth century. Vavilov possesses fundamental opening in biology, it the first tried on in practice absolutely new, global approach to flora studying as uniform tselovy in scales of all planet.
In the twenties Vavilov became the conventional leader of the Soviet biological and agricultural science. He managed to dispose of generous gift as well as possible, having taken by right a worthy place among classics of natural sciences.
Vavilov NIKOLAY IVANOVICH
To Vavilov’s 120 anniversary
It is possible to call him the Encyclopaedist of the twentieth century. Genetics, botany, with its mnoyogy branchings, an agronoyomiya, the selection theory, geography of plants – it is far not a cycle of its scientific searches. Vaviloyov possesses some fundayomentalny opening in biology and a number of remarkable ideas which still continue to be developed by modern scientists. Besides, it the first tried on in practice sovershenyono a new, global approach to flora studying as uniform whole in scales of all planet.
Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov rodilsya on November 25, 1887 in Moyoskva in a family of the businessman. His father passed a way from krestyanina the Volokolamsk district to a large Russian promyshyolennik. It is necessary to tell that all his children became the known spetsiayolist, everyone in the sphere of activity. But two brothers, Nikolay and Sergey who became presidents of two Academies appeared the most znayomenity.
Vavilovs, in the big house on Average Presnya, had a rare soyobraniye of books. Ivan Ilyich generously bought them, growing-up children chitali we will start singing. In the house there is a lot of muzicirovali, and children were trained in music.
In 1906 Vavilov ended Moscow commercial uchiliyoshche, having received sufficient knowledge of natural sciences for a poyostupleniye in university, thus quite tolerably mastered angliyyosky, German and French languages. Then Nikolay arrived in agricultural institute. Here Vavilov was created not only as the agriculturist, but also as the researcher.
Since student’s years Nikoyolay Vavilov carried out annual scientific expeditions. Those years it with a backpack proceeded the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia. Znameniyoty biologist Dmitry Nikolaevich Pryanishnikov was Vavilov’s closest teacher. On its initiative Vavilov was engaged in studying of a seyolektsiya of plants, and after an okonchayoniya of Academy moved in Peteryoburg where started to work in Bureau of applied botany.
In 1913 Vavilov otpravlyaetsya to England also carries out neskolko months to laboratories of znameyonity biologist U.Betson. In Merton and on a farm Cambridge universiteta it vyseyal privezenyony with itself samples of wheat, oats and barley, already issledovanyony to them on immunity institute in 1911-1912. In such a way it checked results, poluyochenny in Moscow area. In England it finished work on article about immunity of plants to gribyokovy diseases and opublikoval it in the magazine based by Batson.
Application of the new law pozvolilo to Vavilov to deliver vopros and that all cultural plants of Earth occurred from several genetic centers. At the beginning of 1921 of Vavilov vmeste with group of employees priglashayut to Petrograd where in Tsarskoye Selo it will organize All-Union institute of plant growing.
The last twenty years of neyodolgy life of Vavilov are connected with Leningrad. Here he created the scientific center which has received the world izvestyonost – Vsesoyuzyony plant growing institute.
In the twenties Vavilov became the conventional leader of the Soviet biological and selyyoskokhozyaystvenny science. Nikolay Ivanovich very well understood that the ideas it is necessary podkreplyat rich scientific mateyorialy. Therefore he developed the wide program of scientific eksyopeditsiya, during which soyotrudnik of institute should collect in the different countries obrazyoets of plants to create in institute collections of a genetic material.
In 1924 Vavilov organizuet expedition to Afghanistan, to areas where to it the foot of the European didn’t go. Here it sobiraet exclusive on cennosti a material. In 1926 Vaviyolov makes a big trip on the countries of Europe, and also Seyoverna Afriki. And again the scientist brings the samples of plants collected by it. The next years Vavilov visited Japan, China, and also South America. It already sobral is so much samples of various plants that its theory poluchila complete confirmation. Right after a trip its second major work Tsenyotra of an origin of cultural plants is published.
In 1929 Vavilov elect the academician and almost odnoyovremenno the president of Academy of agricultural sciences. At that time he yet wasn’t 42 years old. The new president made to come into wide contacts of Russian scientists to their colleagues from other countries much. On its initiative in 1937 the mezhdunarodyony congress of geneticists was carried out to the USSR. It was organized on the basis of created by Vavilov Instituta of genetics of Academy of Sciences. The whole galaxy of outstanding scientists led by academician Koltsov who has created school of eksperimenyotalny genetics there gathered.
But at the same time to work to Vayovilova all it became more difficult and more difficult. In 1929 his next employee, the largest biologist S. Chetverikov was expelled from work. Attacks and to academician Koltsov began. Perhaps, Vavilov’s destiny wouldn’t be so tragic if on his way there was no Trophîme Lysenyoko who left about itself in a science bad memory, after all exactly thanks to his activity was liquidated Soviet genetika and many ucheyony are subjected to repression.
Since 1939, with Stalin, Lyyosenko’s neyoglasny support and his supporters carried out the real defeat of a genetic science to the USSR. And in 1940 arestovali and Vavilov who was at this time in a scientific eksyopeditsiya. The consequence on its business proceeded long. But Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov didn’t stop scientific work and in the conclusion. The scientist died in prison on January 26, 1943.
The nature not often presents people how it presented Vavilov, having allocated it not tolko with powerful talent of an issledovayotel, but also ability truditsya the most part of days, giving to a bottom not a third, and only the fifth part of the life. He managed to dispose of generous gift as well as possible, having taken by right a worthy place among classics of natural sciences.
(On magazine materials Real owner).