In article a practical advice on cultivation of a winter rape is given, features of processing of the soil, application of fertilizers and a protravlivaniye are given.
Scheme the main
here some years the winter rape is the most profitable olive culture. In Ukraine there are two alternative directions of use of a rape. The first – to adjust own production of biodiesel fuel as value of a biodiesel engine from a rape is conclusive because of its ecological purity.
The second way – to grow up a rape and to export it to the west. Today it is more favorable to farms to realize rape oil seeds in a foreign market.
It is not so simple to receive a big crop of a rape of excellent quality. For comparison: in Germany average productivity of a rape 30, in Ukraine of 16,1 c/hectares, and in the Crimea for the last 2 years it didn’t rise above 11,6 c/hectares, that is the culture potential is used by us for 50 % and below. The reason of receiving poor harvests in the Crimea are not weather climatic conditions, and violation of agrotechnical requirements. It proves annual obtaining productivity of a rape on APP UAAN Crimean institute fields not below 28-30 c/hectares.
In the scheme the main agroreceptions of cultivation of a rape which equally influence receiving a big crop are presented. Omission of one and furthermore several of them leads to a crop shortage. Let’s in detail stop on each agroreception.
Predecessor. In sukhodolny conditions of the Crimea the best predecessor is pure steam. Other predecessors (annual, long-term herbs, leguminous and sternevy) will allow to receive a rape crop at the same level, as on pair, only in the conditions of an irrigation.
It is impossible to return a winter rape on a former place and to sow after krestotsvetny cultures earlier, than in 4 years. In a crop rotation with a sugar beet the gap between these two cultures should make 5-6 years, because of their general wrecker – nematodes.
As – cross pollinated culture, it is necessary to consider a rape that spatial isolation from other krestotsvetny cultures is necessary for commodity crops not less than 500 m, at cultivation on seeds spatial isolation should be not less than 1000 m.
Soil processing. In conditions of the Crimea the main processing of the soil under a winter rape in pure to pair is otvalny plowing on 20-22 see it the most effective way of seal of organic fertilizers and carrying out fight against long-term weeds. In the conditions of an irrigation if plowing was carried out under previous culture, it is possible to be limited to superficial processing of the soil.
preparation of the soil should provide: subsidence her ambassador of the main processing; effective fight against weeds; existence of the leveled top layer with small-komkovatoy structure and firm a bed for seeds.
Fertilizers. The rape at crop formation in sukhodolny conditions can use from soil stocks about 10-30 % of elements of a food (depending on productivity level). It is possible to compensate a part of elements of a food by introduction of organic fertilizers 20-30 Ô./hectare which are better for bringing under the predecessor. It is necessary to provide the remained requirement with mineral fertilizers which bring under the main processing or under preseeding cultivation. Phosphoric fertilizers are brought under the main processing of the soil at the rate of P60-90. Nitric fertilizers are brought fractionally at the rate of N30-40 under preseeding processing, and N50-60 on of century in the spring in the form of top dressing. A superfluous nitric food during the autumn period worsens rewintering of plants. In the conditions of an irrigation of norm of fertilizers it is necessary to increase in 1,2-1,5 times.
Seeds. An important aspect at cultivation of a rape is the qualitative seed material. Practice showed that for cultivation on the technical purposes, it is possible to use rape seeds not below the first reproduction. Use of a semyanvtory reproduction leads to sharp increase in the content of erukovy acid in oil and glyukozinolatov in shrote. To sell such raw materials it is difficult, and crops of lower reproductions considerably reduce productivity.
Today the big range of grades and hybrids of a winter rape as domestic and foreign producers is offered. The grades zoned for our zone and hybrids.
For crops the cleared, otkalibrovanny, qualitative seeds with high vsxozhestyu are selected.
Protravlivaniye. for protection of shoots of a rape against defeat by diseases and damages by wreckers seeds are necessary for pickling. Protravlivaniye – the most reliable way of protection of plants at initial stages. For prevention of damage of shoots by krestotsvetny flea beetles, a sveklovichny nematode, a plant louse and other wreckers seeds before crops process one of the resolved insecticides: Kruizyor of 350 FS, Space 250, Hinufur, Chinuk of 20 %. For prevention of emergence of a mold, diseases of plants of a rape alternariozy, fomozy, peronosporozy and other diseases seeds pickle one of fungicidov: Vitavaks 200, Rovral Flo, Maxim, etc.
Sowing term. The soil temperature is necessary for receiving amicable shoots for 3-4 day +14-17zs. Such conditions come in 1 decade of September. The rape, poseyanny after September 15, can not manage to create the socket before leaving in winter. It is not recommended to carry out rape crops in August. First, in August there is a hot and dry weather. The top layer of earth quickly dries up, and rape seeds (even managed sprout) aren’t capable to continue the growth and development. As a result – crops turn out izrezheny. Secondly, in case of warm and damp autumn crops of a rape of early terms can leave in winter outgrown that reduces their winter hardiness.
Norm of seeding. Density of standing of plants essentially influences removal by plants of a point of growth during the autumn period and development of root system that has a direct bearing on winter hardiness and efficiency of plants – the more density, the winter hardiness is worse and efficiency is lower. Optimum density of plants of the rape, providing normal biological cultural development during the autumn period, its rewintering and efficiency is formed by norm of seeding of 1,5-2,0 million pieces/hectares of vskhozhy seeds (6-7 kg).
Unreasonable increase of norm of seeding leads to the intraspecific competition of plants at their growth and development during the autumn period that involves decrease in biological potential of efficiency of plants.
Winter rape sow in the usual ordinary way with a row-spacing 15 see Simeon it is necessary to close up on depth 2-3 see. The increase in depth of crops considerably reduces more than 3-4 cm vsxozhest seeds. In case of delay with crops terms, depth of seal of seeds should be small – no more than 2 see.
The rape can be sowed seeders: grain – grassy (SZT-3,6), grain (SZ-3,6), pressovy (SZP-3,6), seeders of exact seeding of the Maple type and others. One of important aspects is application of seeders with anchor soshnik. Use of these seeders provides high field vsxozhest at the expense of placement of seeds on just prepared dense and damp bed that allows to increase productivity of seeds of a rape by 15 %.
Prikatyvaniye. After crops to provide the best contact of seeds to the soil and to receive amicable shoots, the field is necessary prikatat, except for use of seeders with prikatyvayushchy devices. In case of loss of rains the prikatyvaniye isn’t applied.
Care of crops. Plants of a rape are capable to oppress weeds, especially in the second half of vegetation. But in an initial stage of growth of a rape weeds at their large number can oppress cultural plants. During this period it is considered to be an economic threshold of injuriousness of weeds, if on 1 sq.m crops of a rape is juvenile undersized> 16, juvenile tall> 6, long-term korneotpryskovy> 1.
Observance of optimum terms of sowing, norm of seeding of seeds with a row-spacing of 15 cm create optimum conditions for growth and development of plants of a winter rape thanks to what competitiveness in relation to weeds increases.
Wreckers of a rape divide into two groups: wreckers vegetative and wreckers of generativny bodies. The first group treat – a krestotsvetny flea beetle, a rape flea beetle, the rape white butterfly, a rape pililshchik, a krestotsvetny skrytnokhobotnik, a big rape skrytnokhobotnik, cabbage stem a skrytnokhobotnik, a cabbage gallovy skrytnokhobotnik.
Wreckers of generativny bodies – rape cvetoed, a cabbage siliculose skrytnokhobotnik, cabbage siliculose komarik, a mealy cabbage plant louse, a beet nematode.
On crops of a winter rape where number of wreckers exceeds an economic threshold of injuriousness, apply the insecticides provided by the list of preparations of resolved for use in Ukraine.
The special attention is necessary for turning on rape cvetoeda. The period of its harmful activity coincides with the flowering period when chemical processings are forbidden. If there is a probability of appearance of this wrecker, it is necessary to carry out chemical processing in a butonizatsiya – the flowering beginning. Under favorable conditions for development of this wrecker of a yield loss can make 50 % and more.
In our zone of a disease of plants of a winter rape meet seldom. Nevertheless, the most widespread diseases treat false mealy dew (peronosporoz), fomoz, alternarioz. At emergence of the first symptoms of a disease on crops of a winter rape it is necessary to carry out spraying fungicidami, resolved on the current year.
Cleaning. A rape clean direct and separate in the ways.
Direct cleaning. Apply more often at uniform maturing, lack of weeds and humidity of seeds of 10-15 % and below. Thus there is less than costs of use of agricultural machinery, it is easier to organize harvest process.
It is necessary to refer danger of cracking of pods to shortcomings of a direct kombaynirovaniye and an osypaniye of seeds on a wind. It is possible to apply a desikatsiya to acceleration of maturing – a predrying of plants on a root.
Separate cleaning. In are shaky a rape mow at humidity of 35-30 % and a pobureniya of seeds in the bottom pods on the central brush. Skashivaniye in are shaky allows a rape to ripen evenly, also weeds thus dry that considerably facilitates obmolot and cleaning of seeds.
Thresh are shaky at humidity of seeds of 14 % and below. In these purposes use any type of a combine harvester available in an economy.
To reduce yield losses, combines before cleaning should be carefully adjusted, zagermetizirovany and are equipped with a rape table or the adaptation intended for cleaning of melkosemyanny cultures.
Seeds can’t be kept in the combine bunker as it leads to increase of acid number in oil and to decrease them vsxozhesti more than for 50 % long.
For long storage seeds of a rape should have humidity no more than 8 %, for short-term (till 1 month) there are enough 12 %.
Rape straw has no value, as fodder raw materials. Therefore during harvesting celesoobraznoostavlyat straw in a field and pripaxivat eekak fertilizer. In this regard rapsluchshe to thresh the combine equipped izmelchitelemsolomy.
By the development program of a rapsovodstvo it is provided till 2010 cultivated areas under a rape to increase to 1,2 million hectares and to finish gross collecting a rape to 2,1 million tons. This task will be feasible, if each agriculturist who is engaged in cultivation of a rape can consider the recommendations set forth above about each element of technology.
S. Tomashov, senior research associate of laboratory of agriculture, O. Tomashov, edging. agricultural sciences, manager. laboratories of agriculture of the APP UAAN Crimean institute.