Authors tell about an agrotechnology of cultivation of sunflower in the Crimea. The attention of the reader addresses on selection of predecessors, a place in a crop rotation, agrotechnical actions for preparation and processing of the soil, fertilizer, terms and ways of crops. Care of crops is especially important. The recommended list of grades and sunflower hybrids for our zone is provided.
OVYoS – TECHNOLOGY of CULTIVATION,
Among the olive cultures which are grown up in Ukraine and in the Crimea, the sunflower still wins first place. Seeds of its modern grades and hybrids contain 45-50 % of oil with high flavoring and food qualities. It is used directly in food, in various branches of the food industry and for the technical purposes. Oils received by production shrota (30-35 %) contain a waste in a look to 40 % of protein. Sunflower shrot, incorporating all known amino acids, it is widely used in all branches of animal husbandry as the high-concentrated albuminous forage. Are used on a forage and sunflower baskets, and luzga – raw materials for the hydrolytic industry.
Cultivated areas of sunflower in the Crimea in recent years last century (1996-2000) considerably grew, and productivity decreased to 5,9 c/hectares. In 2006 at a cultivated area of 37,9 thousand hectares, productivity of this culture made 9,7 c/hectares. It is known that at productivity of sunflower less than 10 c/hectares expenses on its cultivation aren’t compensated.
Productivity of sunflower is low for several reasons. Lack of scientifically reasonable crop rotations, return of sunflower to a former field in 3-4 years, instead of the recommended 8-10 years that led to deterioration of a fytosanitory condition: the quantity of specific weeds, in particular, zarazixi podsolnechnikovy, and also diseases increased: white, gray ashy decay, false mealy dew, fomopsisa, and also wreckers: provolochnik, lozhnoprovolochnik, larvae podgryzayushchy scoop.
The sunflower develops powerful, glubokopronikayushchy (to 3 m deep into, and in radius to 1 m) root system, using water and nutrients of the bottom layers of earth. Intensive saturation of crop rotations by sunflower led to violation of water and nutritious balances in the soil.
That fact is important also that application of mineral fertilizers and chemical methods of protection considerably decreased not only at sunflower cultivation, but also by production of all other crops, including at cultivation of grain grains – the main predecessors of sunflower.
And the last – extensive, not technological grades and hybrids of national and foreign production, many of which aren’t adapted for our conditions and unstable to separate races zarazixi by the podsolnechnikovy.
AGROTECHNOLOGY OF SUNFLOWER
Predecessors, a place in a crop rotation. In sukhodolny crop rotations sunflower, as a rule, place on winter and summer grain, leguminous. These cultures have root system to 1,2-1,5 m, but the bulk of roots takes place in a meter layer, and the sunflower uses moisture and nutrients from the underlaying horizons.
Because the sunflower strongly dries up the soil, and on considerable depth, after it it is expedient to leave fields under pure steam.
Soil processing. Soils of our peninsula are considered favorable for sunflower cultivation at a lack of a vlagoobespechennost during the interphase periods of growth. All agrotechnical actions for soil preparation during the autumn and spring periods, care of crops should be directed on preservation and accumulation of moisture and on fight against weeds. Depth and a way of the main processing of the soil depends on a number of factors: such as the soil, a contamination, existence of the equipment, developing weather climatic conditions.
In stationary experience of the APP Crimean institute studied deep plowing – 27-30 cm, plowing and ploskorezny loosening on 20-22 cm, loosening by disk and ploskorezny tools on 12-14 see. At accurate observance of a crop rotation, in the absence of long-term kornevishchny and korneotpryskovy weeds, the sunflower practically didn’t react to depth of the main processing of the soil; the difference in productivity wasn’t traced. On the cultivated soils at observance of agrotechnological discipline loosening on 12-14 cm available tools (BDT-7, KPSh-9, WHOLESALE – 3-5, harrows of the tandemny type "Demetra", "Mistral") economically is most favorable. For today in the republic of such fields insignificant quantity. On the massifs littered with sow-thistles of all types and bitterlings, and also on heavy soils it is expedient to carry out plowing on 20-22, 25-27 see. Soils erodirovanny, low-power plow on depth of the gumusny horizon.
Irrespective of a way of the main processing and its depth to begin soil processing after any predecessor it is necessary from a postharvest lushcheniye. It, depending on a contamination, developing weather climatic conditions can be two – or triple with gradual increase in depth (from 6-8 cm till 12-14). The repeated postharvest lushcheniye which have been carried out in due time and qualitatively, not only in 2-3 times reduce a contamination, but also considerably facilitate and improve quality of the subsequent main processing of the soil.
If there is a possibility, agrotechnical measures of fight against weeds are supplemented chemical, herbicides "Raundap", "Uragan" or their analogs are applied.
Main objectives of processing of the soil in the spring: moisture preservation, maximum destruction of weeds and field alignment.
In the spring the soil very quickly loses moisture, especially on nevyravnenny fields since autumn. On such fields moisture close in the first days of spring and field works. Whether to lead one or two cultivations depends on weather climatic conditions of spring, a contamination, uniformity of a field. If the spring cold, long, a field glybisty and littered, is spent the first cultivation on depth of 10-12 cm, and the second – on depth of seal of seeds in a day or, directly, in day of crops.
On pure from the weeds prepared since autumn fields of enough one preseeding cultivation. In farms where adhere to modern technologies, preseeding cultivation combine with introduction of insurance soil herbicides.
Fertilizers. Application of fertilizers under the main processing of the soil by N40 P40-60 dose is most rational. If fertilizers since autumn didn’t bring, priposevny entering into ryadka is desirable: N10 P15 on hectare. The sunflower well uses posteffect of the organic and mineral fertilizers brought under previous cultures.
Terms, ways of crops and density. Calendar terms of crops of sunflower: second and third decades of April and first decade of May. Amicably and quickly seeds of sunflower sprout at warming up of a ten-centimetric layer of earth on 10-120C. Also the bulk of weeds at this time sprouts, there are shoots of a sow-thistle pink. Sometimes displace terms of sowing a little to destroy bulk of the sprouted weeds, but thus it is necessary to reduce a gap between preseeding cultivation and crops that to a minimum to reduce moisture losses.
It is necessary to sow not as soon as possible namely when there comes an optimum combination of all factors for growth and development of concrete culture on this concrete field. For the last thirty five years on APP Crimean institute fields such conditions developed when sowing on April 4 1990 g – a crop of seeds of sunflower of 33,2 c/hectares, on April 12 1988 g – 32,6 c/hectares, on April 22 1978 g – 29,7 c/hectares, on May 6, 1980 – 23,4 c/hectares. The main way of sowing – dotted, with row-spacings 70 see. Depth of seal of seeds to the damp soil – 5-6 cm, at deficiency of moisture is allowed increase in depth to 6-8 cm, but no more. The increase in depth of seal for melkosemyanny hybrids is undesirable.
At establishment of norm of seeding the extra charge on field vsxozhest seeds to 20 % and for an izrezhivaniye is considered when machining to 10 %. Optimum density to cleaning for grades of 35-40 thousand, for hybrids – 45-55 thousand plants on hectare.
In connection with considerable distribution of diseases and soil wreckers protravlivaniye of seeds of sunflower obligatory.
At some institutes develop new technology of cultivation of sunflower. Soil preparation, application of fertilizers, herbicides – everything, as well as at usual technology, and here carry out crops with row-spacings – 15-30 cm and with increase in density of standing of plants at 30-50 % and more, than at usual row-spacings. At new technology more uniform area of a food of each separately taken plant, expenses on the care of crops are cut down and productivity growth is observed.
Care of crops. The postsowing prikatyvaniye annulate shporovymi skating rinks improves contact to the soil, both sunflower seeds, and seeds of weeds. On prikatanny fields always the best quality of a doposevny and postsowing boronovaniye.
On fields where soil herbicides were applied carry out a povskhodovy boronovaniye and one interrow cultivation. In the same place, where herbicides weren’t brought, for fight against weeds spend dovskhodovy (for 5-7 day after crops) and poslevskhodovy (in a phase of 2-3 pairs real leaves) boronovaniye. Poslevskhodovoye a boronovaniye lead after a dinner when the turgor of leaves of plants will decrease. Speed of movement of the unit of 4-6 km, no more. Carry out 2-3 interrow cultivations, necessarily: 6-8 cm first on depth with the pro-half-internal boronka, the subsequent on 8-10 see paws-otvalchikami for a prisypaniye the earth of weeds in a ryadka.
Grades and the hybrids recommended for our zone. In the best years average productivity of sunflower on area was 14-16 c/hectares. In stationary experience of the APP Crimean institute on the average in 36 years – 22 c/hectares. Modern grades and hybrids, at their cultivation in the conditions close to optimum, yield a harvest from 30 (grades) to 50 c/hectares (hybrids).
By results of supervision in the demonstration range of the APP Crimean institute, for the last five years the best hybrids: Krasen, Dary, North, PR64A63, PR64A83, Dragan, Titanic, Ark, Dnestr.
Any our recommendations, remain on paper if they aren’t supported in due time with the corresponding material base and will take root on places.
K.Zhenchenko, senior research associate of department of agriculture, O.Zhuk, senior research associate of department of selection, primary and elite seed farming of the APP Crimean institute.