In this article there is a speech that the main reason for insufficient development of animal husbandry is neediness of animals of sterns. Also it is noted that introduction in a kormoproizvodstvo new high-adapted for conditions of a zone of grades and hybrids of forage crops allows to increase efficiency of a fodder wedge for 25-30 %. Besides, reserves of receiving cheap forages in the Crimea are given.
In recent years the tendency to reduction of a public livestock, decrease in efficiency of animals is noted. Thereof animal husbandry outputs of products are reduced, level of profitability of branch decreases.
The vast majority of farms is on the verge of a survival. Their net profit doesn’t provide updating of the fixed and revolving funds. There is no possibility to obtain long-term low-percentage credits, not enough arrives investments into development of agricultural industry, there is no parity of the prices for an agricultural and industrial output.
The main reason for insufficient development of animal husbandry is neediness of animals of sterns. The total amount of production in comparison with 1990 in AR Crimea was reduced in 6,8 times, with 1743 to 257 thousand t. fodder units whereas the livestock for this period decreased in 2,8 times, i.e. the feeding level of animals considerably decreased. Productivity of forage crops decreased from 31,8 c/hectares of fodder units to 13,7 c/hectares. It was in many respects caused by adverse weather climatic conditions developed in recent years.
Besides decrease in level of an agrotechnology of cultivation of forage crops, reduction of introduction mineral (it is brought for 7 % of crops) and organic fertilizers (respectively for 2 % of crops), violation of an irrigation mode on irrigated lands are noted also.
Forage crops more effectively than other crops pay back costs of fertilizers. In the conditions of an irrigation 1 ton of mineral fertilizers gives in addition 2,5-3 tons, and organic – 0,5-1 ton of fodder units.
The insufficient attention in farms is given sortosmene and to a sortoobnovleniye of forage crops. Now on the fodder purposes mainly out-of-date grades which have almost settled the biological potential are grown up, a part are cultivated azonal, delivered of other climatic zones and not adapted for conditions of the steppe Crimea of a grade. Introduction in a kormoproizvodstvo new high-adapted for conditions of a zone of grades and hybrids of forage crops allows to increase efficiency of a fodder wedge for 25-30 %. The long-term researches which have been carried out by research associates of laboratory of a kormoproizvodstvo of the APP Crimean institute, and also other research establishments of the South of Ukraine, testify that most there correspond for cultivation in the conditions of the steppe Crimea the following grades of forage crops: a lucerne – Vavilovka 2; esparcet – Crimean; a fire bezosty – Tavriysky; winter Vick – Primorka, a winter rape – the Tismensky, Galitsky, summer rape – Spar, Dneprovsky; mustard white – Carolina.
For a solution of the problem of stabilization and strengthening of food supply of animal husbandry in droughty conditions of a steppe zone crucial importance have when using resursosokhranyayushchy production technologies of cheap high-quality forages irrigated lands.
By laboratory of plant growing of the APP Crimean institute it is established that the most effective cultures – long-term and annual herbs on hay, senazh and a green forage. And costs of production on 1 hectare of crops of herbs it is much less than expense of work, than at corn cultivation on a silo and a green forage. Thus prime cost of 1 c of kormoproteinovy unit of long-term and annual herbs on senazh, hay and a green forage for 32,8 % is lower, than at corn cultivation on a silo and a green forage. It is caused by lower costs of fuels and lubricants of cultivation and cleaning of these
cultures, respectively 56 and 65 kg/hectares that almost twice are less in comparison with corn and other cultures. Even at identical productivity 2 hectares of corn are necessary to receive as much a perevarimy protein, how many from hectare of long-term herbs. Besides, long-term herbs and winter crops most effectively use autumn and winter stocks of moisture. Use of these cultures for preparation of forages on wintering will allow to provide transition from silage koncentratnogo such as KRS feeding to the hay-senazhnomu, to more acceptable digestion of ruminants.
Wider application should receive and drought-resistant sorgovy cultures (especially Sudanese grass). The leading role in the solution of a fodder and albuminous problem should is allocated for long-term bean herbs – on an irrigation to a lucerne, and in the conditions of a waterless valley esparcetu, and also to their mixes with cereal herbs. Cultivated areas of these cultures should occupy 40-60 % in structure of forage crops. It is possible to call important reception of improvement of quality of forages expansion of the mixed crops of forage crops, multicomponent mixes of annual and long-term herbs (a mix of cereal cultures with bean or krestotsvetny) that allows to increase at the expense of complementarity a crop of green material by 25-30 %, and collecting a perevarimy protein – for 30-40 %.
Green forages as they contain all necessary nutrients, mineral salts, vitamins are most valuable to agricultural animals. They are easily acquired by animals, besides their production the cheapest.
Use of a green forage in a diet of animals essentially reduces the price of diet cost. In 2003 in a pilot farm of the APP Crimean institute at introduction in a diet of cows of 26 kg of green material cost of a daily diet for May in comparison with April when green forages weren’t used, to 60 %, for June – per day decreased to 33 %.
Climatic conditions of a steppe zone of the Crimea allow to provide at correctly organized system of the green conveyor with green sterns of animals within 255 days in a year. The laboratory of a kormoproizvodstvo of the APP Crimean institute developed and introduced in production the green conveyor with use of new grades and hybrids of the forage crops, providing in the conditions of an irrigation uninterrupted receipt of green quality forages from first decade of April to December. It consists of three blocks:
Winter forage crops belong to the first block: surepitsa, winter rape, hybrid brace bit, winter rye, winter wheat, tritikale, winter Vick. Use terms from the I decade of April to May III.
The second block of the green conveyor with use period from 1 decade of June to 1 decade of October is opened by early-spring forage crops (kormosmesi oats with a rape, a radish, mustard white, summer Wicca, peas). Continue this block poukosny cultures: a Sudanese grass, corn, and also their mixes with a soya, sowed after cleaning winter on a green forage. Their application gives the chance to increase considerably production of forages without expansion of the areas which are taken away under forage crops.
In the third block of the green conveyor sow pozhnivny cultures which are considered as the unique source of receiving a green forage during the late autumn period. Select the cultures having the short period of vegetation, high rates of formation of the crop, transferring kratkoyovremenny frosts (mustard white, a radish olive, a rape of summer and their mix with oats). Finish the green conveyor bakhchevy cultures and fodder root crops.
Concentration of their production at insignificant distance from cattle-breeding farms, as expenses connected with transportation of green material on big distances essentially them udorozhayut (in transit green material prime cost of a forage increases by distance of 5 km almost twice) should become a powerful reserve of reduction of the cost of made forages.
Considerable reduction of expenses in a kormoproizvodstvo is reached at pasturable use of green forages. At the expense of reduction of works on a skashivaniye and transportation of green material to 1,8 times costs of their production decrease, cattle-breeding production is reduced the price, efficiency of animals raises. The greatest effect from their pasture is reached at creation and rational use of cultural irrigated pastures. It is possible to use for this purpose and korotkovremenny pastures with vysokootavny cultures, in particular a Sudanese grass.
Natural fodder grounds and the lands deduced from active processing located near settlements which aren’t used for production of crops should become an important reserve of receiving cheap forages in the Crimea, are nurseries of diseases and wreckers, grow with weeds. Creation on their base of grounds of pasturable and haying sites under condition of their rational use will allow to receive high-quality forages in addition. Radical improvement of these sites by a raspashka and crops of long-term herbs is the most effective. However at the content in herbage to 50 % of valuable herbs in the fodder relation it is more expedient to carry out 2-3 disking, to introduce mineral fertilizers and to sow long-term herbs. Pasturable herbages created thus should correspond to certain zooengineering, veterinary and agronomical requirements. They should be highly productive, it is good to be eaten by animals, to be adapted for dwelling conditions.
At selection travosmesi it is necessary to consider soil type, the pasture location. On slopes and not irrigated sites it is necessary to sow more drought-resistant types – a fire, zhitnyak, a wheat grass beskornevishchny, a lucerne yellow, a lyadvenets, esparcet, on the salted lands – solevynoslivy herbs – a volosnets, tributaries, wheat grasses, zhitnyaki.
Cultural irrigated pastures, the prifermersky crop rotations, natural fodder grounds are necessary for placing near farms as transportation of a large number on a long distance will need many vehicles, and in this regard and in addition – monetary expenses.
For transportation of green material to 1 km it is enough to have 2-3 transport units, at the same time on distance to 10 km the need for them increases in 2-3 times. Besides on a short distance it is effectively possible to use a tractor with mobile cattlefeeders KTU-10A with which it is possible to transport a forage without overloading, directly to distribute in feeding troughs that gives the chance to reduce expenses of work and funds for 18-20 %.
A.Prikhodko, head of department, A.Kolchev, senior research associate, Candidate of Economic Sciences, sector of economy KIAPP of UAAN.