The author of article tells about pairs – pure and early, their merits and demerits, focuses attention of the reader on processing parov, speaks about economic efficiency.
UNOCCUPIED STEAM IN the CRIMEAN STEPPE
According to statements, conclusions of coryphaeuses of agriculture (V. Williams, V. Mosolov, I.Yakushkin, etc.), steam pure – is a way of preparation of the soil under crops of agricultural plants, mainly winter, at which field of a crop rotation (a steam wedge) rather long remains free from vegetation, is exposed to processings for destruction of weeds; accumulation and moisture savings, and also accumulation, as a result of the microbiological activity, forms of nutrients available to plants. Pure steam – an obligatory link of a field crop rotation of a steppe zone.
The tasks facing steam, are carried out in that case when its processing begins with a two-triple lushcheniye zhnivya, introduction of organic fertilizers and, without a gap in time, plowing by plows with predpluzhnik (depth of plowing is corrected for some reasons from 20-22 till 25-27 see) is carried out.
In the subsequent then spring and throughout summer the field contains pure from weeds and should have a friable melkokomkovaty surface.
Black steam – the best predecessor of winter wheat, and not only it. In it the soil is cleared of weed plants: in the friable and damp soil, in process of its warming up, on different depth sprouts a significant amount of seeds of weeds. Ascended are destroyed by the subsequent cultivations, and sprouted, but not broken through on a surface, die off. In the course of processings the root system of a sow-thistle, the bitterling, a bindweed and other malicious perennials is exhausted.
Destruction of weed vegetation suppresses distribution of many wreckers which postpone for them eggs and eat them. On steam fields activity of soil microorganisms amplifies, as a result of at the right time crops winter in the soil a large amount of salts of nitric acid available to plants collects. On steam fields certainly there is a moisture evaporation, but nevertheless in a sowing layer its significant amount, sufficient for receiving high-grade shoots even in droughty years collects.
Along with pure steam early pure steam (at us it still call "April") takes place. It differs from usual term of the main processing which is carried out in the early spring. By a science it is proved that black steam is better early for some reasons. The raw field since autumn grows with weeds, a part from them obsemenyaetsya and in the spring seeds are closed up to the soil on "storage", perennials accumulate spare nutrients thanks to which meet spring got stronger in underground bodies and give numerous escapes. An autumn and winter precipitation is much better absorbed by the soil plowed since autumn in comparison with the raw.
And nevertheless, despite above-mentioned advantages of usual steam, has the right to existence and early steam. Its quality in many respects depends on term and quality of plowing and the subsequent timely cutting.
Terms of lifting of April steam studied in a desyatipolny crop rotation in stationary experience at Klepinino’s experimental station, nowadays the APP Crimean institute. Term of early-spring plowing in our experiences depended on developing weather climatic conditions and hesitated on years from March 29 to April 30. The plowed field literally for the second day is necessary, depending on a physical condition of the soil, a contamination, to process disk tools or heavy cultivators to condense an arable layer of earth, and its top layer to cut to a melkokomkovaty condition. The condensed and cut soil loses moisture on evaporation in comparison from the svezhevspakhanny much less.
Productivity of winter wheat at April plowing for years of researches on the average conceded October on 1,2-0,9 c/hectares. But, one year from ten, for the organizational reasons, with processing were late and carried out plowing in the first decade of May. The difference in a crop, in favor of pure steam, made 7,9 c/hectares of grain of winter wheat. Conclusion: in the spring to be late with the main processing of the soil inadmissibly.
If in farms there are still fallow since autumn steam fields, it is necessary to introduce urgently organic fertilizers if there is such possibility, and then to carry out the main processing. It can be a plowed land on 20-22 cm, the disking on 18-20 cm heavy disk harrows of type Demetra is possible also. After carrying out the main processing it is necessary, for reduction of evaporation of moisture, a blanket of the soil to cut to a melkokomkovaty condition.
Spring-and-summer care of unoccupied pairs consists in the contents them in a pure condition from weeds and in the prevention of excessive evaporation of moisture.
The first cultivation on the littered fields carry out on depth till 12-14 see. The best term for its carrying out – the end of April, the beginning of May when weeds – a sow-thistle pink, a kudryavets of Sofia and others will reach height 10-15 see. On zaosochenny fields one more deep cultivation is allowed, then it is necessary to carry out only small processings. The Vlagonakopitelny role parov raises, if in the second half of summer depth of cultivations doesn’t exceed 6 see.
Destruction of korneotpryskovy weeds only is mechanically possible, but it expensive and leads to dispersion and a siccation of the top layer of earth. More rational way of destruction of weeds is the integrated method: combination of mechanical and chemical methods of fight to weed vegetation. Application of herbicides on steam fields finds the increasing distribution.
Introduction of herbicides – derivatives of izopropilaminny salt glifosatu is recommended in steam fields. Most widespread of them Volcano, Raundap, Raundap Bio and others.
Bring herbicides on vegetiruyushchy weeds in their active growth by a dose from 2 to 6 l/hectares, depending on contamination type. The maximum frequency rate of processings – one, in need of work as the Volcano two processings are allowed.
Until recently the Crimean landowners dreamed of increase in the area under pure pairs with to 6-8 to 10-15 %, i.e. with 50 to 100-120 thousand hectares. It was thus supposed that productivity of winter wheat on pairs will equal 40-50 c/hectares. In our experiences for the last thirty years productivity of winter wheat really averaged 45,7 c/hectares, and in especially favorable years on moistening krymchane collected from 53,4 to 64,0 c/hectares (eleven years from thirty). The areas of pure steam increased for today in the republic, and productivity – isn’t present.
Modern grades of winter wheat at observance of an agrotechnology and at favorable weather climatic conditions, are capable to give by the potential possibilities to 80-100 c/hectares. For such grades of intensive type also it is necessary to have unoccupied pairs in field not irrigated crop rotations. At such productivity of pair will be highly profitable!
K.Zhenchenko, senior research associate of laboratory of agriculture of the APP UAAN Crimean institute.