In article the characteristic of 26 hybrids and grades of sunflower of the Yugoslavian and domestic selection which in 2005 were in production test in SPK "Bolshevik" of the Krasnogvardeysky region of ARK is given. Generally it is early ripe grades and hybrids which in ostrozasushlivy conditions of last year yielded a harvest maslosemyan from 16 to 20 c/hectares.
HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE EARLY And RANNESPELYE SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS – the RELIABLE RESERVE of INCREASE in PRODUCTION of MASLOSEMYAN IN the CRIMEA
At observance of modern energy saving and nature protection technologies of cultivation of sunflower in sukhodolny conditions of the Steppe Crimea productivity maslosemyan can make 18-20 c/hectares even in ostrozasushlivy years. At such productivity profitability reaches 100 %. The main factors here are use of modern vyskoproduktivny early and early ripe hybrids and observance of a complex of the actions directed on accumulation and preservation of moisture in the soil.
In sukhodolny crop rotations of the Crimea the sunflower is the good predecessor, as the culture strongly drying up the soil and cleaned on maslosemena at the end of September, i.e. directly ahead of sowing winter grain. Therefore in all recommendations after sunflower leave black steam.
Experience of SPK "Bolshevik" of the Krasnogvardeysky area shows that in a steppe zone us tcnm real possibility to receive on a waterless valley of 20 c/hectares maslosemyan sunflower at its cleaning in the first decade of August. Before sowing of winter grains after its cleaning there are two months – enough for high-quality preparation of the soil, moisture accumulation in 30-40 cm a layer of earth and carrying out sowing in optimum calendar terms. For detection of efficiency and precocity of hybrids in 2005 on the basis of SPK "Bolshevik" scientists of the Southern branch Crimean agrotechnological university of NAU carried out production test of 26 hybrids and grades of sunflower of domestic and foreign selection.
Tests were aimed at a minimalizatsiya a pochvoobrabotok during the early-spring period. It consisted of an early-spring boronovaniye zyabi and preseeding cultivation on depth 6-7 see. At postsowing leaving the prikatyvaniye of crops, a boronovaniye before and after shoots and interrow cultivation in a phase of 5 pairs real leaves practised.
In crops phenological supervision and biometric accounts were carried out. The size of each allotment made 0,56 hectares. Cleaning carried out the combine Don – 1500 at humidity of seeds of 7-9 %. During cleaning defined purity of seeds, humidity and mass of 1000 seeds.
Sowed sunflower on April 30 when all weeds (one-submultiple and two-submultiple) were in a phase of shoots and were destroyed by the preseeding cultivation which is carried out in day of sowing. Shoots appeared on May 10 when at 75 % of vyseyanny seeds over the soil cotyledonous leaflets were formed. The laying of a basket occurred in a phase of 2-3 pairs real leaves, and, at early hybrids – in the first decade of June, and at late-ripening – for 8-10 days later. The beginning of flowering of early hybrids of Svetoch, Krasen, Amator, Boris and grades Solar Lang came on July 3-6, at the late-ripening – Milutin, Hortitsa, Znakhidka, Dnestr – for 10 days later. The period of their flowering was more stretched, and proceeded throughout the second half of July, than the hottest month with the maximum temperatures is higher +35°S, low relative humidity of air, long droughts and dry winds which reduced efficiency of pollination and increased sterility of a flower.
At early hybrids the period of flowering is shorter for 7-8 days in comparison with late-ripening, they ripened and already on August 9-11 at Amator, Boris, Svetocha quicker, Krasenya for 85-90 % of plants of a basket grew brown and became dry and it in two months before optimum calendar terms of sowing of winter grain crops.
As a result of production test the earliest hybrids of domestic selection (Amator, Boris, Svetoch, Krasen) with length of the vegetative period were revealed 90-93 days. Early ripe hybrids of the Yugoslavian selection (Miroslav, Dragan, the Emperor, Belgrad, the Consul) and domestic (Aeneas, Poglyad, Znakhidka, Dnestr, Zaporozhye – 28) ripened in 105-110 days, and at late-ripening hybrids of the Yugoslavian selection (the Canyon, Titanic, Terminator, the President, the Gene, Hortitsa, Milutin) the vegetative period made 116-123 days. When cleaning hybrids of Milutin, Terminator, the President and Hortitsa the top leaves on a stalk were still green, and baskets – brown and dry. And, it was observed in ostrozasushlivy year when for vegetation from April to August more than 5 mm didn’t drop out a productive precipitation.
Hybrids of the Yugoslavian selection in production test looked powerful, tall (the height of plants reached 180-190 cm) except for a hybrid Miroslav which height of plants made 130 see.
Hybrids and grades of domestic selection – srednerosly, height of 140-150 cm, and the most undersized are revealed by Krasen, Poglyad, Amator and Svetoch (height of 120-130 cm). They spend soil moisture and food elements more economically, but are less competitive in relation to tall weeds. Therefore at their cultivation by obligatory reception there should be use of soil herbicides (treflan, xarnes, gezagard). Stalks of undersized early hybrids to cleaning well dry that creates favorable conditions for high-quality preparation of the soil up the time of sowing winter on this predecessor. Stalks of tall hybrids of the Yugoslavian selection of bigger diameter; to cleaning they were still green for 50 % that complicated reception of a disking and reduced quality of processing of the soil.
Diameter of a basket at all hybrids from 18 to 20 cm except for a grade Kharkov – 7 with diameter of baskets 13 see.
It is necessary to note that in the central part of a basket seeds were also executed, as well as on its edges. The hybrids which were in test and grades were characterized by a high oblistvennost, and, wasn’t observed tendencies of decrease in quantity of leaves on one plant at early hybrids in comparison with more late-ripening. The Oblistvennost is a high-quality sign. Only at a lack of phosphorus the number of leaves on a plant can decrease. By supervision and biometric accounts it was revealed that the sizes of a sheet plate of hybrids of the Yugoslavian selection almost twice exceeded the sizes of leaves of hybrids of domestic selection. Also it was noted that in a phase of yellow baskets hybrids and grades of domestic selection had a green sheet device for 30 %, and at hybrids of the Yugoslavian selection – for 60-70 % that characterizes their high genetic potential and more powerful, root system deeply getting into the soil. Potential productivity of seeds of hybrids of the Yugoslavian selection exceeds 5,0 t/hectares. But in ostrozasushlivy conditions of the Crimea they didn’t show the high efficiency (tab. 1).
Table 1.
The agrobiological characteristic of hybrids and sunflower grades in production test