Recommendations of scientists of the Crimean institute of agroindustrial production about cultivation of highly nourishing fodder mixes (kukuruza+soya, sorgosudankovy gibrid+soya, Sudanese trava+soya, sorghum saxarnoe+soya). Nutritiousness of green material kormosmesy, a chemical composition and economic efficiency of cultivation of annual cereal and bean mixes reveals.
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Experience of scientists and practicians in production of highly nourishing fodder mixes. Together with corn, an important source of replenishment of the juicy, rough and concentrated forages there are sorgovy cultures. Unique biological plasticity and stability to a drought provide to sorgovy plants real their osnovuvyrashchivaniye on the big areas. Sorgovye cultures differ rather high and stable productivity, the fodder qualities, limited need for intensive means of chemicalixation. So, in the droughty steppe regions of Kalmykia the increase in production of forages without use of sorgovy cultures appeared a serious problem. Average productivity of green material of sorgovy cultures was received from 36,0 to 78,4 c/hectares.
On nutritiousness of a sorghum sugar and a Sudanese grass have advantages over corn: a crude protein contains on 15 g more in 1 kg of a forage, – on 2 – 3 g it is more than crude fat and the maintenance of a perevarimy protein on 1 fodder unit at a sorghum sugar makes 107 g while at corn this indicator makes 73 g.
Higher nutritiousness of this silo in comparison with a silo from corn is a positive factor for a sorghum on a silo and a green forage. So, in 100 kg of a sorgovy silo 22 – 26 sterns contain. a unit, and in 100 kg corn – from 20 to 23 sterns. unit.
It was established that for formation of unit of solid of a sorghum loses waters almost in one and a half time less, than corn and twice less grain crops. Scientists advise in cool years to accent sorghum cultivation on green material and a silo, and in hot – on seeds, grain and hay.
For experts of a kormoproizvodstvo one of the major questions is increase of the maintenance of a protein in kormosmesyax. In winter diets of animals, for example, there is a shortcoming more than 20 % of a perevarimy protein. The main reason is a processing of reduced-protein cultures and use on a forage of bigger amount of straw and zernofurazha. For optimization of food supply it is necessary to select cultures which would provide production of forages with the set structure of elements of a food.
The intensification of animal husbandry is continuously connected with increase in production of forages at the expense of increase of productivity of crops. One of the main receptions of an intensification of production – a wide circulation of the mixed crops of forage crops. They give opportunity to balance nutrients in sterns, to receive high-quality uglevodisto-albuminous forages. The greatest distribution was received by double mixes in which the cereal component usually happens dominating, and bean – additional that enriches green material with protein. In bean plants of a protein makes on 120-130 g more on 1 fodder unit, and according to the content of irreplaceable amino acids – in 4,0-4,5 times more, than protein of cereals.
Along with advantage on nutritiousness, bean cultures are characterized by ability to fix air nitrogen in the soil.
But low-studied in a kormoproizvodstvo the question of use of a sorghum-sudankovogo of a hybrid and a Sudanese grass is perspective. Preparation of forages from these plants allows to receive more than 8000 sterns. a unit and 0,8 – 0,9 t.perevarimy proteins with 1 hectare.
Studying of efficiency of different means of seeding fodder a sorghum – soya mixes – broadband, single-row and cherezryadny in comparison with traditional culture – corn of one-specific seeding became the purpose of our researches. Researches of efficiency of cultivation of a sorghum-sudankovogo of a hybrid in a mix with a soya on a green forage in the conditions of the Autonomous Republic Crimea are low-studied. For the first time in irrigated conditions of the Crimea scientific technologies of seeding of cereal and bean fodder mixes on a forage to cattle are developed. As cereals the corn, a sorghum sugar, by a sorghum-sudankovy a hybrid and a Sudanese grass, and as a bean component – soya plants are used.
Productivity of green material in our researches. In table 1 dynamics of productivity of green material kormosmesy is given in our researches which have been carried out to the period from 2003 to 2005. Productivity at the kormosmesy was created the following. Sorgo-sudankovy a hybrid and a soya – from 202 to 260 c/hectares (optimum option – single-row seeding). At a Sudanese grass and a soya – from 240 to 272 c/hectares (optimum option – single-row seeding) and in a sorghum sugar with a soya – 272 c/hectares at single-row seeding. For comparison, productivity of corn of one-specific seeding made 167 c/hectares.
In 2004 the highest indicators were observed on a sorghum-sudankovomu to a hybrid and a soya: 536 c/hectares at a cherezryadny way of seeding, 710 c/hectares – at broadband and 842 c/hectares – at single-row. Advantage as a whole was after single-row way of seeding. So, the Sudanese grass with a soya productivity had 723 c/hectares, in a sorghum sugar with a soya – 700 c/hectares, at corn with a soya – 659 c/hectares, and at corn of pure seeding – 491 c/hectares.
In 2005 the sorghum had the highest indicators – a Sudanese hybrid with a soya – 452 c/hectares. At a sorghum sugar with a soya – 399 c/hectares; at a Sudanese grass – 328 c/hectares; at corn and a soya – 309 c/hectares; at corn of pure seeding – 240 c/hectares. So, the single-row way of seeding appeared optimum option of seeding of sorgovy cultures in a mix with a soya.
Solid exit. After collecting green material it dried up for the purpose of receiving indicators of an exit of solid. Results are given in table 2. Advantage – behind single-row seeding of sorgovy cultures with a soya.
1. Dynamics of indicators of productivity of green material, c/hectare
Nutritiousness of green material kormosmesy. On the basis of the carried-out researches nutritiousness of fodder mixes was calculated.
Advantage of single-row seeding on an exit of fodder units from 1 hectare is observed: at a sorghum sugar with a soya this indicator makes 102,58 c/hectares, at a hybrid and soya sorghum-sudankovogo – 91,14, and at a Sudanese grass and a soya – 92,99 c/hectares. Indicators of an exit of fodder units at corn with a soya vary from 68,25 to 72,16 c/hectares depending on a way of seeding
2. Productivity of dry weight in 2005, c/hectare
NSR 05 f. And – 1,04; NSR 05 f. In – 0,90; NSR 05 f. AV – 1,81
Chemical composition of green material. By our researches it was established that at the expense of the maintenance of soybeans in crops with sorgovy cultures, nutritiousness of green material raises. Studying of a chemical composition of silage weight was the following stage.
Attracts attention increase in the maintenance of a protein and fat in a silo from kormosmesy at the expense of inclusion of soya plants. Fat in a silo from corn and from a sorghum sugar with a soya – increases by 38,5 and 45,5 %, respectively, in comparison with corn of one-specific seeding. The maintenance of a protein increases in all options of the kormosmesy. The sorghum – a Sudanese hybrid and a soya, and also at a Sudanese grass and a soya had an increase in the maintenance of a protein for 10,7 and 17,0 %, in comparison with corn of one-specific seeding.
Moisture content in a silo of the kormosmesy fluctuates from 58,0 to 76,4 %, and, rN varies from 3,3 to 4,0. Such indicators cause accumulation of dairy acid and the best safety of a silo.
So, the qualitative silage weight, according to references, should have the following characteristic: rN 4,0 – 4,2; ratios of dairy and acetic acids: 3–4: 1. It is important to note that acidity of a silo causes its humidity. For example, at humidity of weight of 60 % rN will make 5,5, and increase in humidity to 80 % podkislivaet Wednesday to level rN 4,2.
Economic efficiency of cultivation of annual cereal and bean mixes. Profitability – the major economic category which causes profitability of production. In profitability costs of acquisition of seeds, fertilizers are considered, is combustible – lubricants, a salary and other expenses.
In our researches we calculated prime cost of green material by all options of seeding. The Realizatsionny price in the conditions of 2005 made 50,0 hryvnias for 1 ton of green material. On a difference between the realizatsionny price of green material and its prime cost the net profit, and profitability level – the relation of net profit to prime cost (as a percentage) was calculated.
Profitability level at corn of one-specific seeding was the smallest – 57,2 %. Seeding it with a soya reduces prime cost on 0,62 – 0,86 úÓ¡./c and increases profitability to 95,3 – 106,6 %. Seeding of sorgovy cultures with a soya appeared the most profitable. And, sure advantage remains behind single-row option of seeding – its prime cost fluctuates from 1,61 to 2,21 úÓ¡./c. Thus, the greatest level of profitability is observed when seeding a sorghum-sudankovogo of a hybrid with a soya – 210,6 and a sorghum sugar with a soya – 176,0 %.
If you were interested by questions of cultivation of sorgovy cultures in joint seedings with a soya on a forage, for consultations on an agrotechnology and a technique of seeding address to the address:
97010, AR Crimea, Krasnogvardeysky area, page of Klepinino,
Crimean institute of agroindustrial production of UAAN
Ph./fax: 8 (06556) 7-63-22, 7-62-78
L. REJNSHTEJN, younger research associate;
Item OSTAPCHUK, head of laboratory of animal husbandry, candidate of agricultural sciences,
Crimean institute of agroindustrial production of UAAN