In this publication it is a question that at sunflower cultivation it is necessary to give a close attention to a question of observance of agrotechnology.
The main tasks should be directed on: moisture accumulation in a korneobitayemy layer; choice of the predecessor; mobilization of nutrients; activization of biological processes in the soil; destruction of weeds; application of fertilizers; crops by the otkalibrovanny and pickled seeds; processed biologically active substances and growth factors, care of crops.
Ukraine takes the third place in the world on production of sunflower, making it in a year about 5 million
Ukraine takes the third place in the world on production of sunflower, making it in a year about 5 million tons. Due to the increased demand for this culture as in the world market, and within the country, it is necessary for cultivation of sunflower to pay more close attention, especially in a question of observance of agrotechnology.
BIOLOGICAL FEATURES: The sunflower – an annual grassy plant with powerful root system, uses moisture and nutrients from the large volume of the soil which is often inaccessible to many cultural plants.
The general consumption of moisture during sunflower vegetation with 1 hectare makes 3,9 – 5,8 thousand m3. It uses moisture from depth to 3 meters, sometimes completely drying up an one-and-a-half-meter layer of earth.
The sunflower well transfers frosts, however has different level of frost resistance during the vegetation period: the sprouted seeds transfer decrease in temperature to – 100S, shoots and young plants to 20-day age are steady against long frosts – 2 – 3,50S (at – 50S they still keep a zhizne-posobnost, but the foliage can be damaged), fall of temperature causes defeats of points of growth that leads to formation of the deformed baskets and a stalk vetvistost in 40-day plants.
PREDECESSORS: The best predecessors for sunflower – winter wheat after a fallow land, barley, corn. It allows to destroy on fields two-and one-submultiple weeds – rezervator and activators gnily, and also reduces need for herbicides and agrotechnical means on the care of crops. On these predecessors the sunflower uses moisture for a crop of seeds better.
To return sunflower on a former place it is necessary not earlier than what in 8-10 years because of accumulation of wreckers, diseases, zarazixi and in connection with a considerable siccation of the soil. In korotkorotatsionny crop rotations it is better for placing through rotation, or on half-fields, alternating to summer barley.
Unsuitable predecessors: long-term herbs, a sorghum, a Sudanese grass (drying up the soil); a soya, bean, vegetable cultures (accumulate an infection of gray, white decay and fomopsisa).
SOIL PROCESSING: Glavnyezadachi when processing soil under sunflower in a steppe zone: moisture accumulation in a korneobitayemy layer, mobilization of nutrients, activization of biological processes in the soil, destruction of weeds.
Early-spring processing of the soil doesn’t keep moisture and, as a rule, detains shoots of early summer weeds. Therefore early cultivation under crops of sunflower carry out only on badly prepared fields littered with wintering weeds, a padalitsa of grain crops and at a heat of heavy soils. If the soil is well cultivated, contains enough organic substances, the need for the 2nd spring cultivations disappears. Preseeding cultivation and crops that promotes smaller drying of the top layer of earth is recommended.
FIGHT by WEEDS: (Mustard field, a buckwheat vyyunkopodobny, etc.), growing at rather low temperature (6-80S), and sredneranny (an ambrosia polynnolistny, mar white, etc.), soils appearing at warming up to 10-120C it is possible to destroy early summer annual weeds a boronovaniye of shoots.
On strongly littered fields it is necessary to apply highly effective dovskhodovy herbicides that will give the chance to reduce quantity of agrotechnical measures of fight against weeds and to reduce prime cost.
Introduction of herbicides is carried out at the same time with preseeding cultivation. Recommended herbicides: Harnes (1,5-3,0 l/hectares), Gezagard 500F (2,0-4,0 l/hectares), Treflan 480 (2,0-5,0 l/hectares), Trofi 90 (1,5-2,0 l/hectares) Fronyer Optima (0,8-1,4 l/hectares).
FERTILIZERS: The sunflower well reacts as on organic, and mineral fertilizers. It actively uses posteffects of the organic fertilizers brought under the predecessor. In a steppe zone the greatest effect gives simultaneous introduction of phosphoric and nitric fertilizers. It is best of all to introduce mineral fertilizers in the autumn or in the spring on depth 10-12 see.
At low security of the soil with nutrients under the main processing of the soil bring nitrogen of 40 kg and phosphorus of 40-60 kg/hectares. on of century. Phosphoric and nitric fertilizers give also a crop increase if are brought in time of the first interrow cultivation as the sunflower consumes the most large amount of phosphorus during the period from shoots before flowering, and nitrogen – from the beginning of formation of a basket till the end of flowering. On the average on formation of 1 c of seeds N–of 6 kg, R2O5 – 2,3 kg and K2O – 15-17 kg is necessary. The effect from application of fertilizers on sunflower can be received only under condition of a good vlagoobespechennost.
CROPS: For receiving amicable shoots and a big crop, crops carry out the otkalibrovanny and pickled seeds processed by biologically active substances and growth factors.
Crops are necessary for making at soil temperature on depth of 10 cm + 8-100S and daily average air temperature +12-140C. At sunflower cultivation without introduction of herbicides, on very littered fields it is necessary to sow at soil warming up to 10-120C that preseeding cultivation to destroy the maximum quantity of weeds. In some cases, when the spring comes late, crops need to be begun at 6-80S as after that there comes a fast drowning.
Way of crops of sunflower – dotted, with row-spacings 70 see. Sow seeds the seeders providing seeding of seeds within 20-60 thousand/hectares on depth of 6-8 cm (SUPN-8, SPCh-6) the Norm of seeding of seeds depends on availability of moisture in the soil and groups of ripeness of a grade or a hybrid. At a soil promachivaniye to 100 cm – 20-30 thousand, to 120 cm – 30-35 thousand, to 150 cm – 35-40, for seed sites – 20-25 thousand vskhozhy seeds on 1 hectare.
In the conditions of 2008 the soil promachivaniye in the central part of the Crimea doesn’t exceed 1 m, even on the best predecessors, in this regard it is not recommended to overestimate norm of seeding of seeds. The increase in norm of seeding of hybrids of sunflower at 15-20 % is allowed.
Considering low stocks of moisture, it is expedient to begin sunflower sowing in earlier terms – at soil warming up to 80S, with an obligatory protravlivaniye of seeds.
CARE OF CROPS: At a friable top layer of earth and dry wind weather, the soil after crops it is necessary prikatat, at a damp top layer – zaboronovat. With application of bezgerbitsidny technology a postsowing boronovaniye carry out in 5-7 days after crops when sprout weeds, and sprouts of seeds of sunflower are on depth where teeths of a harrow don’t damage them. Harrow easy and average harrows. Poslevskhodovoye a boronovaniye carry out across sunflower crops, in a phase of 2-3 real leaves when relative humidity of air decreases, decreases a turgor, and plants become not such fragile. Speed of movement of the unit – no more than 4 km/h (the minimum quantity of plants is damaged). Weeds in a phase of sprouts or thin threads are destroyed by harrow teeths for 91-93 %.
Cultivation of row-spacings of sunflower carry out only for destruction of weeds therefore on pure crops it is possible to refuse it completely. It is if necessary expedient to apply small (6-8 cm) soil loosening by cultivation not to damage roots of plants.
L.A.RADCHENKO
the deputy director on scientific work
APP UAAN Crimean institute
N. P. SAYENKO
candidate of agricultural sciences,
leading research associate
agriculture laboratories
APP UAAN Crimean institute,
K.G. ZHENCHENKO
senior research associate
agriculture laboratories
APP UAAN Crimean institute