In article common problems of field husbandry of the Crimea are covered. Besides, feature of processing of the soil in the conditions of 2008, system of fertilizers, straw use, terms, ways and norms of seeding of winter crops is noted.
The PLACE of WINTER GRAIN CROPS IN the CROP ROTATION
About agroweather conditions of the preseeding period of 2008
During the postharvest period considerable shortage of moisture is observed. For this period (the 3rd decade of June-August), according to Klepinino’s agrometeorological station 24 mm of a precipitation, 30 % of norm dropped out. Their distribution across the Crimea was very non-uniform: from 24 to 64 mm, 30-90 % of norm. On a territory half a precipitation made 50 % of norm and less. Duration of the period without economic and useful rains (and more) made 10 mm for the third decade of August of 70 days.
The entire period is characterized by the raised temperature mode (on the average, on 1-20S above mean annual data). The maximum temperature raised to 390). There were very bad conditions for moisture accumulation. Stocks of productive moisture in an arable layer of earth, on not steam predecessors, in the first decade of August made 0-2 mm that, on the average, less long-term and last year’s on 7-10 mm. Such moistening is estimated as bad, seeds in such conditions don’t sprout. The meter layer of earth contains also insufficient amount of moisture (only 20-45 mm).
Hot and dry weather stuck out August, only at the end of the month a short-term precipitation locally dropped out.
Weather conditions, most likely, will adversely develop current autumn for sowing of winter crops.
Place of winter grain crops in a crop rotation
Crop rotations are the agriculture base. On the basis of a crop rotation the system of processing of the soil, norm and terms of introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers, actions for protection of cultivated cultures from weeds, wreckers and diseases is developed.
The main cultures of our peninsula – winter grain – wheat and barley. Under them the considerable areas of an arable land and the best predecessors in a crop rotation are taken away.
Winter wheat takes place, first of all, on pure and busy pairs, then on leguminous (peas, nut), on krestotsvetny (a winter rape, mustard). The insignificant areas place it on propashny (sunflower and corn) and on an eddish.
Pure and busy pairs – a guarantee of receiving amicable shoots in our droughty conditions, and consequently, and a big crop with qualitative grain. Pure pairs are subdivided on black (processed since autumn) and early (processed in the early spring). Better, of course, fallow land, than early. N. N. Klepinin wrote … at long autumn much easier to lift steam, than during short spring ….
Value taken parov is defined by the parozanimayushchy cultures, best of which winter and summer bean and cereals, rapso-cereal mixes, long-term herbs. Parozanimayushchy cultures in due time cleaned on a green forage leave in the soil unused moisture and nutrients for the subsequent culture – winter wheat.
The leguminous and krestotsvetny clean early, therefore, there is a lot of time for soil preparation under crops winter.
Thanks to the ability to use air nitrogen, leguminous are considered as the good predecessor of wheat. Its most part is taken out with a crop, another, in the form of the postharvest remains, fills up nitrogen stocks in the soil. Predecessors are appreciated by Krestotsvetnye that improve a fytosanitory condition of an arable land, reducing quantity of weeds, wreckers, diseases, in particular, root the gnily.
Corn and sunflower because of a strong siccation of the soil and later terms of cleaning – the predecessor undesirable. Placement of winter wheat on an eddish – it already a monoculture. It is known that the monoculture is admissible in the presence of enough of fertilizers, chemical protection, high technological level. It is authorized to sow wheat on wheat, but no more than two years.
Winter barley is less exacting to predecessors, in comparison with winter wheat therefore it sow, generally on not steam predecessors, i.e. on predecessors who took place after winter wheat. Best of them leguminous, the corn cleaned on a silo, the winter wheat which is grown up on pairs, summer grain provided that they occupied a field no more than one year. Admissible predecessors – corn on grain, sunflower. Winter barley, at agrotechnology observance, even on the worst predecessors, more big crop, than winter wheat provides.
On the average, in 30 years in APP Crimean institute experiences the most big crop of winter wheat on pure steam was – 72,3 c/hectares, on taken – 61,9 on corn on a green forage – 52,8, winter barley on a steam eddish – 57,4 c/hectares.
The best predecessors for winter wheat and barley in irrigated crop rotations are the lucerne, a soya of early ripening varieties, corn on a green forage and a silo, vegetable, poukosny crops of thermophilic cultures. Winter barley still can be sowed after winter wheat and corn on grain.
Soil processing
In the conditions of hot, dry weather with rare short storm rains which don’t do weather, we should use our best efforts, that qualitatively and timely to pave the way to optimum terms of sowing of the winter.
Pure and busy pairs by this time should have carefully cut, leveled, melkokomkovaty surface to accumulate moisture even an insignificant precipitation, dews and fogs. Care of them is reduced to timely processing in process of emergence of weeds, without allowing their development as depth of loosening in the second half of summer should equal to depth of seal of seeds – no more than 6-8 see. Processing of steam fields is better for carrying out catarpillars in a hitch with the shirokozakhvatny combined units.
If steam fields because of untimely processing grew with weeds if in their specific structure there are more than perennials (a sow-thistle pink, a birch vyyunkovy, etc.) don’t hurry to "exhaust" on such field heavy disk harrows. Their application allows to destroy no more than 60-70 % of weed plants for one pass, but leads to a considerable siccation of the soil. Having weighed all pros and cons, it is necessary to combine machining of steam fields with application of herbicides in that case. There is a significant amount of all-destructive preparations on a basis glifosfata which with success are used for destruction of weed plants on steam fields. Application of herbicides is connected with certain expenses, but combustive-lubricating materials as one processing by herbicides replaces, at least, two-three cultivations are thus saved. Finally you receive really real steam field with all its advantages. On pure steam it is recommended to sow not only winter wheat, but also a winter rape – culture quite profitable and demanded.
All not steam predecessors under the winter grain should be processed only small and superficially. The postharvest lushcheniye is carried out to a short time, is direct in day of cleaning or immediately after cleaning. Problem of a lushcheniye: to keep moisture available in the soil (even its minimum quantity); to exclude a fast obesstrukturirovaniye and consolidation of the soil deprived of a vegetative cover; to create favorable conditions for germination of fruit drop and weeds. Well-known that thanks to in due time carried out lushcheniye, energy consumption decreases at the subsequent processings of the soil. In our droughty weather climatic conditions these agrorequirements should become the law.
Lushcheniye lead heavy disk harrows. It is considered more reasonable zadiskovat the soil in two steps surface it to finish to a melkokomkovaty condition. Thus the melkokomkovaty surface plays a role of a mulching layer thanks to which, moisture stocks in deep layers remain, and also there is its replenishment for the account even an insignificant precipitation. On well developed field optimum conditions for germination of seeds of weeds and fruit drop which are destroyed by the subsequent processings are created.
Depth of a lushcheniye depends on many factors, main of which contamination of each concrete field.
On fields, pure from perennials, there is enough depth of rykhleniye to 10 cm, and in the presence of kornevishchny and korneotpryskovy weeds for exhaustion of their root system depth of loosening increase to 14 see.
On fields where practise straw leaving, it is necessary to introduce before a disking nitric fertilizers (ammoniac saltpeter) at the rate of N10 on one ton of straw. For high-quality seal straw carefully crush. Introduction of additional nitrogen – obligatory agroreception for stimulation of action of microorganisms. Depth of a disking when leaving straw 12-14 see.
Preseeding cultivation under crops of the winter is carried out by steam cultivators in a day or in day of crops on depth of seal of seeds.
Application of fertilizers
One of powerful tools of regulation of level and quality of efficiency of winter crops – application of organic and mineral fertilizers. It is possible to call the main ultimate goal and a problem of a mineral food of plants establishment of optimum levels, ratios and forms of nutritious elements in the korneobitayemy environment of plants, and also norms, ways and equipment of application of fertilizers with reference to concrete soil climatic conditions of a zone, the area and an economy which in the best way would promote creation of a favorable mode of a mineral food.
For effective use of mineral fertilizers, at their high cost, it is necessary to conduct agrochemical survey of the fields intended under crops of the winter. Application of fertilizers without existence of basic elements of a food in the soil can lead to excessive expenses of means. So, the brought nitrogen at low stocks in the soil of mobile phosphorus (less than 1,5 mg on 100 g of the soil) won’t be used by plants. It is not recommended to bring also more norm of nitric fertilizers under the main processing of the soil or under preseeding cultivation, in hope of a big crop, even on a good background of a phosphoric food as it can reduce considerably stability winter to low temperatures during the autumn and winter period. In this case the bigger effect will give fractional introduction of nitrogen (in the autumn and in the spring).
Long-term studying of types and doses of introduction of mineral fertilizers on fields of the APP UAAN Crimean institute showed that at an average and the high content of mobile phosphorus introduction of nitric fertilizers on pure steam didn’t render appreciable influence on a crop of winter wheat, but promoted increase of the content of protein in grain.
At placement of winter wheat and winter barley on busy steam and corn on a green forage, an optimum dose is N45R45 introduction on active ingredient. Under winter barley which is sowed on the sternevy predecessor, a dose of fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus increase to 60 kg. Higher doses of fertilizers increased productivity of these grain crops only in years with a good vlagoobespechennost. In the conditions of a drought high doses of nitric fertilizers often led to decrease in a grain yield of cultures as there was an izrastaniye of plants and the korneobitayemy layer of earth in vegetative weight was quickly dried up. Big doses of phosphoric fertilizers didn’t render negative influence on winter crops but only promoted accumulation in the phosphorus soil.
Didn’t influence a crop and quality of grain winter and terms of introduction of potash fertilizers because of the high maintenance of this element in soils of the Crimea.
Researches showed that in the conditions of a waterless valley both nitric, and phosphoric fertilizers are expedient for bringing full norm and under the main processing of the soil, and under preseeding cultivation, thanks to not washing type of soils of the Crimea.
In the conditions of an irrigation there is a need for increase in a dose of application of fertilizers in 1,5 times and in fractional introduction of settlement norm of nitrogen.
Skilled data as APP UAAN Crimean institute, and other scientific institutions of Ukraine, the near and far abroad testify to high efficiency of introduction of a small dose of phosphoric fertilizers at crops (within 10-12 kg/hectares of of century) that according to different data promotes productivity increase at least on 1,5-3,0 c/hectares. It speaks that winter crops in an initial stage of the growth and development especially need the strengthened phosphoric food, in particular when passing a light stage of development. The number of grains depends on security of plants with phosphorus at this stage in an ear, absolute weight of grain and the general crop, and also a ratio between grain and straw weight in a crop. The lack of phosphorus, and also potassium and nitrogen in early phases of development reduces efficiency of cereals. If in due time this deficiency not to eliminate, then when the light stage will be passed, and plentiful supply of plants by phosphorus won’t help.
It is necessary to note importance of introduction not only mineral, but also organic fertilizers. Without organic fertilizers it is impossible to avoid decrease in level of fertility of the soil and deterioration of its water physical properties.
The long scientific researches which are carried out by the APP UAAN Crimean institute since 1974 to the present, it is proved that in the conditions of a waterless valley it is necessary to bring 7,5 tons of manure on 1 hectare of the sevooborotny area.
Now in overwhelming majority of farms there is no so much cattle to accumulate such amount of manure. Therefore it is expedient to apply now system of fertilizers where instead of manure straw is used.
For acceleration of decomposition of straw and elimination of its depressiruyushchy influence on a crop, it is necessary to bring 8-10 kg of active ingredient of nitric fertilizers on 1 ton of straw.
It is established that application of 4-5 tons of straw with introduction of 8-10 kg of active ingredient of nitrogen on 1 ton corresponds to introduction of 15-20 tons of manure.
The necessary requirement when using straw is its crushing till the sizes no more than 3-5 cm and uniform distribution across the field.
It is necessary to pay attention and to such type of organic fertilizer – a bird’s dung in which contains to 3,6 % of nitrogen, to 2,4 % of phosphorus and to 1,2 % of potassium. The nitrogen containing in a dung, partially passes to ammonia and can disappear. To avoid these losses, it is necessary to reduce a gap between its introduction and seal.
Researches of the last years indicate high efficiency of microcells and the biological products which use provides growth of a crop and increase of its quality. Nevertheless, the effect from application of these preparations as showed numerous skilled and production data, is possible only at good security of plants with organic chemistry and the main macrocells (NPK).
Thus, only at a scientific and reasonable approach to conditions of a mineral food of plants, it is possible to count on receiving a big crop with its high indicators on quality, with an invariable condition – preservation of level of fertility of the soil.
Preparation of seeds for crops
Expansion of the area of crops of grain grains of cultures, violation of technology of cultivation, change of hydrothermal conditions in vegetation promote formation of the raised stock of an infection on fields. First of all, it is growth of golovnevy diseases, increase of a fuzariozny infection, pyatnistost. Two last years are celebrated existence root gnily that promoted by soft winter, at first dry, and then damp weather, violation of crop rotations.
Weather conditions of 2008 promoted considerable development of many types of mushroom diseases. Defeat by a bacteriosis and virus diseases was noted.
Inspection of crops of winter wheat by scientists of Institute of physiology of plants and genetics of NAN of Ukraine on distribution of root and radical diseases confirmed universal defeat of winter wheat by fuzariozny root decay. Defeat by this disease of plants depended on predecessors and made from 16,7 % on black steam to 33,3 % on sternevy predecessors.
For the first time in recent years on intensive grades of winter wheat it was shown system fuzarioz which struck stalks, koloskovy scales and a zernovka.
The main source of an infection are the remains of the struck plants, the soil and the infected seeds. Seeds become nevskhozhy, lose the value, as a seed material at strong infection. Even at weak infection energy of germination decreases, there is a delay of emergence of shoots and development of plants, an izrezhennost of crops in this connection, sharply decreases not only a crop, and and its quality. Seeds of winter grain crops constantly bear high infectious loading of mushrooms activators root gnily, firm and dusty golovni, septorioza, etc. In the autumn crops of winter grain crops can be surprised root gnilyami, septoriozy (defeat of shoots, and after leaves), a brown rust, rinkhosporiozy. Thus, it is necessary to pickle all seeds of winter crops intended for sowing.
Now an assessment of seeds on contamination dusty the heads a method of approbation of seed crops. The mushroom dusty golovni can develop in all fabrics of a seed, but increase of its injuriousness is caused by temperature and humidity of air during flowering, duration of the period of flowering. Therefore extent of defeat of seed crops dusty the heads reflects quantity of the infected seeds. There can be cases when seed crops, konditsionny on dusty golovne (under approbation acts), give the seed material which seeding will lead next year to considerable yield losses. Thus, the aprobatsionny method allows to characterize a porazhennost dusty the heads of seeds, but not a crop received from these seeds.
Protravlivaniye of seeds the most harmless and economic reception of protection of seeds, sprouts and shoots from seed and soil infections. It promotes improvement of rewintering of plants in the conditions of the long and adverse autumn and winter period. Disinfecting of seeds of winter crops – reception, as a rule, profitable, allowing to keep to 12 % of a crop and more. Depending on crop and preparation cost, payback of a protravlivaniye in a grain equivalent makes from 0,4 to 3,8 c/hectares of grain.
In recent years the range of protravitel of seeds constantly replenishes. Majority of preparations system, wide range of action. The success of a protravlivaniye directly depends on a right choice of a preparation.
In fight against golovnevy diseases all registered preparations are effective. However, they differ by biological efficiency. For original and elite seeds the most effective preparations providing stably high effect are recommended. To that are carried: Baytan Universal, item page (2 kg/t); Vitavaks 200FF, 34 % v.s.k. (2,5-3 l/t); Vincit, 5 % k.s. (2 l/t); Vincit forte, k.s. (1,1 l/t); Sumi of 8 FLO, k.s. (1,5 l/t); Kinto of DUO, since (2,5 l/t); Lamador, k.s. (0,2 l/t). Are effective as well preparations another registered and allowed for use on winter crops, however, because of small amount of active ingredient in a preparation, imperfection of protravochny cars and quite often poor-quality preparation of seeds for sowing (aren’t released from a dust and dirt) to achieve high disinfecting effect it is not obviously possible. Biological efficiency of suppression golovni at a protravlivaniye of seeds should be not lower than 97 % that in crops the illness wasn’t shown.
For a protravlivaniye of seeds of winter wheat and winter barley against fuzariozny root decay it is authorized to use in Ukraine such pesticides as Baytan Universal – 19,5 %, Vitavaks-200, Devident Is old 036 FS, Kolfugo Super of 20 %, Sumi-8 of FLO of 2 %, etc.
It is necessary to mean that protravitel don’t cause decrease field vsxozhesti if recommendations about their application are observed.
Decrease in norm of an expense of preparations is fraught with essential falling of their biological efficiency and unprofitability of application.
One of the main problems for plant growing is low field vsxozhest seeds. On the considerable areas the winter go to winter izrezhenny, and some – till spring perish. Ability of seeds a progressive tense to keep vsxozhest at adverse soil climatic conditions depends not only on harvesting terms, and and from travmirovaniye degree during the harvesting and preparation of seeds for crops. As show laboratory analyses, the travmirovaniye of seeds of grain grains of cultures fluctuates from 7 to 52 %.
The main danger that the injured sowing material in vitro can give good vsxozhest, but on fields it sharply decreases. The injured seeds give weak sprouts which in the course of vegetation drop out, it leads to an izrezhennost of crops or to low efficiency of plants. That the pathogenic microflora, wreckers which live in the soil didn’t get into places of microcracks, seeds disinfect, and to the best fixing of protravitel on them apply film-forming regulators of growth (PORR Mars-EL, the Pendant). These preparations reliably protect seeds at long stay in adverse conditions in swelling and emergence of sprouts thanks to what density of shoots raises, the content of sugars in knots of a kushcheniye of winter crops before leaving in winter that favors to winter hardiness increase. Presence of polymeric connections as clamps of components of preparations, promotes the best fixing fungicidov round a seed for the long period.
This way helps to avoid losses protective stimulating substances from a surface of seeds, allows to reduce quantity of expenses for acquisition of a protravitel by 40 %, to protect seeds from mechanical damages and penetration of soil pathogens. Besides, it has stimulating effect on growth and development winter grain at the first stages of development.
Sowing of winter grain crops
On the threshold of a sowing campaign, it is necessary for grain-growers of our region to be defined and in such important questions as optimum term of the sowing, the best norms of seeding, depth of seal of seeds. All above-mentioned factors depend on developing weather climatic conditions, culture and a grade, predecessors, from the area of cultivation, even within the Crimea.
Timely crops guarantee the amicable, well developed shoots that in many respects define winter hardiness, cultures, competitiveness in relation to weed plants, wreckers and diseases. According to long-term scientific researches, crops should be begun, when the daily average temperature of the soil on depth of seal of seeds will go down to 12-140C, and the arable layer should be or absolutely dry or contain to 20 mm of moisture available to plants.
The calendar terms of sowing accepted in the republic winter the following: optimum from October 1 to October 10 and admissible from September 20 to October 20. These terms, taking into account developing weather conditions (availability of moisture in the soil and a thermal mode) and depending on high-quality features, it is necessary to correct annually. For the last three years on the eve of crops of the winter there is a hot dry weather. In such conditions crops are better for carrying out in optimum and it is admissible late terms.
Early crops under favorable conditions of growth and development up the time of approach of low temperatures stadiyno become outdated and have the lowered resilience in relation to low temperatures. The outgrown crops considerably are damaged by the Giessen and Swedish flies, plant louses, cicadas, lozhnoprovolochnik, winter scoops, and also diseases who then pass to plants of optimum terms of crops. Last year on crops of early terms (on September 25) in our experiences there was a significant amount of colonies of myshevidny rodents. At crops in early terms to the dry soil and at further lack of a precipitation seeds lie in the soil before emergence of shoots for 30-35 days (data of the last three years) and are thus damaged by wreckers, diseases and partially lose vsxozhest. It negatively affects productivity and quality of grain.
Crops in obviously late terms (November) don’t manage to take roots, lag behind in growth and development, considerably to a lesser extent compete with weeds, in comparison with crops of optimum and admissible terms.
On the average for 3 years the grain yield of winter wheat and winter barley at crops made on October 10-25 48-50 c/hectares, and in the third decade of September and the first decade of November – on 10-15 c/hectares is lower.
Winter barley is more exacting to crops terms, in comparison with wheat. Start to sow with winter on a green forage, then wheat and in the middle of optimum terms of crops of winter wheat sow winter barley.
Norms of seeding of seeds on the standard agrotechnical rules are established depending on terms of sowing, predecessors, from the characteristic of soils and features of a grade. On the best soils of our region, at crops on pairs and in optimum terms of sowing, norm of seeding of winter wheat of 4,5-5,0 million vskhozhy grains on hectare; on light-chestnut soils and solonetzic, at crops on not steam predecessors in it is admissible late terms norm of seeding it is necessary to increase to 6 million.
The optimum norm of seeding of winter barley fluctuates from 3,5 to 4,5 million grains. It is necessary to be guided by the same rules, as at setting standards of seeding of winter wheat.
Well-known that at crops there are no trifles. Depth of seal has not smaller value, than term of sowing and norm of seeding. In practice it was necessary to observe sickly weak crops winter on carefully cut field sowed in optimum terms, but with deep seal of seeds. A rule – to close up seeds in a damp layer of earth, it is necessary to observe, but limiting depth of seal of seeds of winter wheat – 6-8 cm, and winter barley – 4-6 see. Deeper seal detains emergence of shoots and approach of a phase of a kushcheniye, reduces completeness of shoots of vyseyanny seeds. Small seal which serves as the reason of disjointed, izrezhenny shoots is undesirable also and the vymerzaniya, blowing of crops can cause subsequently.
It is necessary to correct depth of seal depending on the soil characteristic: on soils with the heavy mechanical structure, inclined to a zaplyvaniye and consolidation, depth of seal smaller – 4-5 cm, on the southern malogumusny chernozems, on chestnut soils – standard – 6-7 see. Depth of seal of seeds decreases at crops after optimum terms, at crops by seeds with low absolute weight.
Depth and uniformity of seal of seeds to the soil depend not only on quality of preparation of the soil, but, substantially, and from adjustment, a technical condition and speed of movement of seyalochny units.
The main way of sowing of the winter grain – ordinary crops with width of row-spacings 15 see.
The high-quality structure recommended for sowing of the winter
Highly productive, adapted for conditions of cultivation of grades, a constant sortoobnovleniye and sortosmena productivity of crops and quality of production allow to increase use.
High-quality structure of the winter grain crops which are grown up in the Crimea, very various. High potential of a crop grades of wheat soft possess: Victoria Odessa, Kuyalnik, Compatriot, Lelya, Kherson bezosty, Selyanka, Lyon, Kiry, Poshan, Pysanka. According to an ecological sortoispytaniye of 2008, from new grades were allocated: Antonovka, the Companion, Litanivka, Goduvalnitsa, Ednist, Zamozhnist, Podyaka who on productivity (53,5-55,7 c/hectares) don’t concede to known grades.
Most unpretentious of zoned for our zone of a grade: Odessa 267, Lyubava, Imagination. Them it is possible to have on satisfactory predecessors, they slightly react to a deviation from optimum term of sowing. Kiry, Poshan’s grade and Lyon treat high-intensity type, they are recommended to be grown up on intensive technology. The majority of grades are considered universal and treat semi-intensive type. They can be grown up on the best and worst predecessors.
Grades grown up in farms, should differ on time of maturing and other signs that will allow to avoid tension when cleaning, yield losses, to exclude grain deterioration. Znakhidk’s grade belongs to the ultraearly, Nikoniya, the Prima Odessa are early the Imagination. Ripen Luzanovka, Strumok, Victoria, Selyanka, Lyubava a bit later, and the most late-ripening – treat Odessa 267 and the Ukrainian Odessa.
For wheat cultivation on a green forage in a mix with Wicca it is better to use bezosty grades: Luzanovka, Outpost, Prima, Dalnitsky, Goduvalnitsa.
From winter firm wheat as the most highly productive proved grades the Scarlet sail, the Dolphin, the Lagoon, the Golden Fleece and Perlyna Odessa. They differ high drought resistance, stability to the main diseases. Quality of grain of these grades meets all requirements of the standard established for grain of the highest classes. The obligatory requirement for receiving big crops of firm wheat are crops on the best predecessors and in optimum terms.
The zoned grades of winter barley conditionally are subdivided on typically winter and the grades two-handles, capable to form a crop as at crops in the autumn, and in the spring. For our conditions the grades created on Crimean GSXOS – the Snow-storm, Rising, Onega, Ogonkovsky are the most adapted. They have high winter hardiness, drought-resistant, quickly grow at damage by spring frosts. As the earliest are considered Ogonkovsky and Rising. In droughty years they, besides, manage to leave from a fuse and to create a big crop.
In winters with frequent thaw when several times for the winter period the termination and renewal of vegetation winter is noted, higher efficiency grades two-handles differ: Rossava, Basis, Taman, Native, Worthy. These grades have high potential of productivity – to 90 c/hectares, practically not polegayut, possess high drought resistance and complex stability to diseases.
To the agricultural producers who are engaged in cultivation of winter barley, it is desirable to grow up two grades: typical winter and the two-handle, that under any conditions of rewintering to receive stably big crop.
Features of use of agricultural tools by preparation of the soil and crops
Heavy disk harrows are applied to soil preparation under winter after not steam predecessors, as a rule.
Possibility of modern heavy harrows to carry out soil processing on depth from 8 to 22 cm, simplicity of a design, convenience in operation, management possibility from a tractor cabin, square pererez all batteries provides reliable work of disks and prevents their scrolling. Shift of a back beam of batareyny sections and installation of trailer deflectors ensure functioning of harrows without flaws and otvalno-razvalny furrows. All this does these tools by the most demanded agricultural producers of the Crimea.
One of important processing methods in preparation of the soil for crops of winter crops is preseeding cultivation. At operation of cultivators with lancet paws it is necessary for right choice and adjustment of working bodies to give special attention. Lancet paws are intended for cutting of weeds on depth to 6 see. Paws in width to 10 cm are used for loosening on depth to 8 see. The dyeing corner for ploskorezhushchy paws should be within 15-18 °. At big corners of dyeing the paw working at depth of 4-6 cm, displaces a layer of earth and bares a furrow bottom.
The universal lancet paw has a corner of dyeing 28-30 °.
On the cultivators working at speeds over 8 km/h, it is recommended to apply paws with a dyeing corner no more than 250.
The corner of solution of edges of lancet paws should depend on a look and a soil condition. With its reduction the quantity of not cut weeds increases. Paws with a big corner are enveloped by the vegetative remains, zalipayut the soil and vyglublyayutsya rather.
The weeds cut with a ploskorezhushchy paw, can get accustomed owing to absence of shift of the soil therefore it is recommended to establish zubovy harrows behind paws.
Experiment of the APP Crimean institute on application on KPS family cultivators as working bodies of dual unilateral ploskorezhushchy paws (KRN razors) with width of capture of 165 mm is worthy. Application of such workers of bodies allows to conduct cultivation without revolution of a layer of the earth and formation of crests, for 15-25 % specific resistance to a cultivator decreases that, in turn, reduces expenses of fuels and lubricants and increases productivity of the unit.
The right choice of working body of the cultivator, the adjusted corner of installation and depth of cultivation, optimum acquisition of the unit will allow to make the main and preseeding cultivations power – resource-and vlagosberegayushchy.
Despite wide scale of brands of grain seeders of national and foreign production, in the Crimea the zernotukovy seeders created on the SZ-3,6 base are widespread.
Productivity of the seyalochny unit depends on width of capture and time for loading of seeds and fertilizers. Considering it, by drawing up of the seyalochny unit it is necessary to use as much as possible traction characteristics of tractors an agregatirovaniye of two, three and more seeders.
The special attention at crops is necessary to give speeds of movement across the field of the sowing unit. Recommended speed for ensuring demanded quality of sowing shouldn’t exceed 8 km/h. At speed of the unit over 12 km/h, to 43 % of a sowing material get on adverse depth of seal (small) where it is destroyed by rodents and birds, freezes or perishes from a lack of moisture.
Using at crops of a seeder of SZ family with disk soshnik, the special attention is necessary to give them to a technical condition. At technical malfunctions of a disk soshnik, from 31 to 49 % of a sowing material gets on risky depth of seal where the probability of his death is very high.
For high-quality seal of seeds on the set depth expediently behind wheels of a tractor to establish on SZ family seeders anchor soshnik.
Obligatory reception – a postsowing prikatyvaniye of the soil annulate shporovymi skating rinks. Application them allows to receive uniform shoots, promotes more dense contact of seeds to the soil, improves conditions of intake of moisture from the bottom horizons, reduces its losses. In skating rink operating time, annulate disks with ledges destroy large lumps of the soil, condense the top soil horizon and level a field. A postsowing prikatyvaniye as separate agrotechnical reception, isn’t applied at crops by seeders with prikatyvayushchy devices.
Recommendations about carrying out sowing of winter crops in 2008 took part in drawing up:
Century Pashtetsky, the director of the Crimean institute of Agroindustrial production of UAAN, L.Radchenko, the deputy director for scientific work of the APP UAAN Crimean institute, K.Zhenchenko, the senior research associate of laboratory of agriculture of the APP UAAN Crimean institute, A.Prikhodko, the senior research associate of laboratory of a kormoproizvodstvo and plant growing of the APP UAAN Crimean institute, N. Saenko, the leading research associate of laboratory of agriculture of the APP UAAN Crimean institute, the candidate of agricultural sciences, S. Tomashov, the senior research associate of laboratory of agriculture of the APP UAAN Crimean institute, E.Remeslo, the senior research associate of laboratory of APP UAAN institute, O.Zhuk, the senior research associate of department of selection and APP UAAN Crimean institute seed farming.