Reports of scientists of the APP Crimean institute on experience of cultivation of this valuable culture on pure steam, with observance of a temperature mode, optimum terms of sowing are published, when using optimum norms of fertilizers, terms and harvesting rules.
(From reports of scientists of the APP Crimean institute at republican meeting on problems of cultivation of a rape).
The next meeting in agro-industrial complex of an autonomy took place on May 25 the current year in Klepinino. The ministry of the agrarian policy which has invited to meeting of deputies chairmen of the district state administrations on agrarian and industrial complexes, chiefs of district managements of agroindustrial development, representatives of an agrarian science of the Crimea, other regions of Ukraine, considered the problem urgencies of production and rape use in the Crimea. The vice-chairman of Council of ministers of AR Crimea N. P. Kolisnichenko, the minister of an agrarian policy of AR Crimea P.I.Akimov took part in work of meeting, heads of the district state administrations of Dzhankoysky, Krasnogvardeysky, May Day areas.
We publish the report of scientists.
At the Crimean institute of agroindustrial production within eight years the question of cultivation of a winter rape in the conditions of an irrigation was studied. Today for many, especially small enterprises, the irrigation became less available. And therefore topical issue: how to grow up a rape in sukhodolny conditions and to receive the greatest possible crop? For comparison: in Germany average productivity of a rape – 3 t/hectares, in Ukraine – 1,5, and in the Crimea in the last two years it didn’t rise above 1,2 t/hectares, that is the culture potential is used by us for 50 % and less. The reason of receiving poor harvests in the Crimea are not only weather climatic conditions, and and violations of agrotechnical requirements. Confirms it APP Crimean institute experience where requirements of an agrotechnology are carried out strictly. On institute fields productivity of this culture isn’t lower than 3 t/hectares.
Long bitter experience of cultivation of a rape on sternevy predecessors showed that pure steam - the best predecessor guaranteeing receiving shoots. It needs to be taken for an axiom.
Studying of four terms of sowing – on August 25, 5, on September 15 and 25 revealed that annually the highest productivity was formed on fields where sowed a winter rape on September 5. But weather conditions of last autumn showed that it is necessary to introduce amendments taking into account temperature.
For receiving good shoots of a rape it is necessary, that the temperature of the soil was in limits + 14-17°C. In the Crimea such temperature is characteristic for the first decade of September. Poseyanny after September 15 the winter rape can not manage to create before arrival of winter plants in height of 10-15 cm and the socket from 5-8 leaves.
It is not necessary to sow a rape in August. In it mesyacestoit hot and dry weather: the top layer of earth quickly dries up, and seeds (even managed sprout) aren’t capable to continue the growth and development. As a result crops turn out izrezhenny.
If the autumn warm and damp, a rape of early terms of sowing can leave in winter outgrown that as a result reduces winter hardiness of this culture.
Terms of sowing can be varied depending on grades. Some grades are necessary for sowing earlier because of their slow development after shoots. Grades with strong development during the autumn period can be sowed later.
The norm of seeding of seeds of 1,5-2 million pieces on hectare will allow to create optimum density of standing of plants of a rape which will provide normal cultural development during the autumn period, its rewintering and productivity.
Way of crops of a winter rape - the ordinary private soldier with a row-spacing 15 see Simeon are closed up on depth 2-3 see. The increase in depth of their seal (more than 3-4 cm) considerably reduces vsxozhest seeds.
The rape is necessary for sowing the seeders maintaining depth of crops and established norm of seeding. One of important aspects – application of seeders with the anchor soshnik which use provides high field vsxozhest and increase in productivity of a rape at 15 %, at the expense of placement of seeds on the prepared dense and damp bed.
Stably big crops of a winter rape can be received when using optimum norms of organic and mineral fertilizers taking into account soil stocks and level of a planned crop. For formation of the crop the plant uses from soil stocks to 30 % of elements of a food. Them it is possible to compensate a part introduction of organic fertilizers (norm of 20-30 t/hectares). It is possible to add the remained requirement with mineral fertilizers which bring under the main processing or under preseeding cultivation. Phosphoric fertilizers are brought under the main processing of the soil from calculation P60-90. Nitric – under preseeding processing, it is fractional at the rate of N30-40i N50-100po of of century in the spring in the form of top dressing. Superfluous entering of nitric fertilizers into the autumn period can lead to strong vegetative development of plants that will worsen their rewintering.
Application fungicidov since autumn as retardant (growth regulators) slows down development of vegetative weight, forms compact sockets, promotes development of root system, reduces the content of water in plants that increases their winter hardiness.
The carried-out researches showed that after application of a retardant lateral escapes of the first order were formed on the lower part of a plant, i.e. at once from the socket, unlike the raw plants. Thus on each processed it was formed on one additional branch of the first order.
Retardanta during researches differently influenced a crop depending on conditions of rewintering of plants.
In the warm winter of 2007 all crops of a rape wintered practically. Therefore a difference in productivity processed by a retardant and the crops not processed by it weren’t. And in 2006 when crops had to transfer severe winter, at the expense of processing of plants by a retardant 8 centners of seeds from each hectare were in addition received on the average. Crops of early terms actively react to application of a retardant - on August 25 and on September 5. For example, productivity of a rape, poseyanny increased on September 5 from 3 to 4,5 t/hectares.
Now it is recommended to apply the registered preparations – Folikur, the Versatile person.
The assessment of possibility of development of crops and need of application of a retardant should be carried out in October, to a phase of 3-4 real leaves.
Top dressing of crops of a winter rape
In the Crimean droughty conditions the moisture saved up during the winter promotes effective use of fertilizers only during the early-spring period. Further, when drying the top layer of earth, efficiency podkormok will decrease.
Optimum term of spring top dressing comes at achievement of steady daily average air temperature at level +5°S and above, usually in February-March. The root system of a winter rape during this period starts to acquire white young backs that speaks about the vegetation beginning.
Cleaning
To harvest a winter rape begin at the same time with winter barley. All works should be spent from 10th evening to the 8th morning.
Rape clean direct or separate in the ways. Already there are specialized combines with rape tables, desikant, the skleivatel allowing completely to exclude separate cleaning.
Straight line uborkuprimenyayut more often at uniform maturing, lack of weeds, humidity of seeds of 10-15 % and below. Costs of fuels and lubricants, legcheorganizovat harvest process thus decrease.
Processing of crops of a rape by a desikant allows to begin cleaning for 2-3 days before the put term. Desikatsiya allows to accelerate process of maturing and its uniformity. Crops in 7-10 days prior to the beginning of cleaning, when humidity of seeds of a rape at level of 30-35 % are processed. If humidity is higher, then, in seeds few plastic substances and if it is less collected, there is a fast drying of pods and an osypaniye. To a desikatsiya apply one of preparations – the Region, Reglon super, That Will Do, Raundap which don’t reduce quality maslosemyan. The areas intended on the seed purposes to process raundapy it is impossible, as it reduces vsxozhest future seeds.
By means of plenkoobrazovatel it is possible to increase the period of cleaning of a rape for 2-3 days, but no more.
The optimum period of cleaning of a rape - 3-4 days. Every day of a delay of cleaning, loss of seeds increase by 5-10 %. Not to lose the grown-up crop, it is necessary to count need for combines.
After cleaning on a floor it is impossible to pour bunker weight. It is necessary to carry out at once primary cleaning as in lots there are the vegetative remains increasing humidity maslosemyan.
About protection of crops of a rape briefly you will not tell. Scientists of institute suggest all interested agricultural producers to familiarize with the recommendations published by them in which they share the knowledge and practices of studying of technology of cultivation of a winter rape.
If there will be questions, address to the address: 97010, Crimea, Krasnogvardeysky area, Klepinino’s page, ph. 8 (06556) 7-63-98, 7-63-22, mob. tel. 8-066-119-61-37