In this article the main directions of development of branch of gardening are listed.
(report And
(the report of the director of the Crimean experimental station of gardening of A.Sotnik at republican conference)
Unique environment of the Crimea very blagopriyatny for cultivation of high-quality competitive fruits of semechkovy, kostochkovy and other fruit crops. For this purpose also was in 1913, with active participation of prominent scientists, such as L.P.Simirenko, V. V. Pashkevich, S.A.Mokrzhetsky, the Crimean experimental station of gardening is created.
From the first days of the basis and to this day, the staff of station is engaged in selection of fruit crops, removal of local stocks, studying of features of local grades, equipment of a plodoyovodstvo, application of fertilizers, an irrigation and others.
Due to the numerous reorganization Crimean a skilled stanyotsiya of gardening and reduction of financing there were changes in its structure, the area of plantings decreased with 850 to 34 hectares, the collective totaling in the 80th years of 220 people from which 70 research associates about 37 workers today were reduced, 17 of which – research associates. From remained more than a third employees of gardens is subject to reconstruction: they are unpromising, don’t pay back costs of production. In the majority of the gardening enterprises this branch from the high-profitable addressed in the unprofitable.
At the initiative of the vice-chairman of Council of ministers of AR Crimea N. P. Kolesnichenko, with support of the Ministry of an agrarian policy of AR Crimea an objective to return gardening. In recent years every possible measures are for this purpose taken. The considerable role in it is allocated for scientific institutions, including by KOSS. During nastoyayoshchy time, with the assistance of scientists of the Crimean experimental station of gardening, the Crimean NAU the gardening development program in AR Crimea till 2017, directed on completion of reconstruction of existing fructifying nayosazhdeniye, a laying of new modern gardens by the revitalized landing material in a strict sootyovetstviye with soil and climatic possibilities of everyone zony is developed. The program provides branch development, first of all in Krasnogvardeysky, Nizhnegorsky, Simferopol, Bakhchisayoraysky, Kirovsk areas.
Many decades the Crimean gardening was based on the technologies developed by our scientists, many of them remained actual and today. It, first of all, new high-intensity competitive grades of an apple-tree, pear and berry cultures as own selection and foreign. Now 23 grades of selection of station are entered in The register of grades of plants of Ukraine, from them the greatest interes represent adapted for conditions of the Crimea sorta apple-trees – Crimean winter, Crimean, Kimmeriya, Scarlet sails and the Aurora; pears – Taurian, Yakimovsky, the Highlight Kryyoma, Mry and Maria. All of them differ a skoroplodnost an ustoyyochivost to mushroom diseases, stable productivity at level of 40-45 t/hectares, high commodity and flavoring qualities of fruits.
The station offers also new highly effective razrayobotka on creation of skoroplodny plantings of an apple-tree and a pear with use of rational systems of formation and scraps of the trees directed on receiving competitive fruits. In particular the technology of cultivation of samoyooporny plantings of an apple-tree and a pear on dwarfish stocks (a standard pyramid) is developed. This technology provides sokrashcheyony the unproductive period till 1 year and productivity more than 35 tons of fruits with 1 hectare of gardens.
The system of tekhnologicheyosky receptions on cultivation of shpalerno-dwarfish gardens is improved and fulfilled. The highly effective integrated system of fight is developed for modern intensive plantings with vreditelyami and the diseases, allowing to raise marketability of fruits to 95-97 % and to reduce pesticidal load of environment.
Technologies of storage and processing of fruits and berries in usloyoviya of artificial cold in the adjustable gas environment, razyorabotanny our scientists, provide increase pribyli from realization of fruits on 2-2,5 thousand UAH. with 1 t. The station offers processing branch more than 30 names of new types of competitive products of processing from natural raw materials.
It is necessary to note that all technological development, grades and the stocks created by scientists of station, concede nothing, and on separate parameters, surpass the foreign. In recent years thanks to an initiative and support, koyotory we constantly feel from the Crimean government in the person of Pavel Ivanovicha Akimov, Nikolay Petrovitch Kolisnichenko, the station actively promotes introduction research a rabotok to the republic agroenterprises. In 2007-2008 the contract is signed with Administration of the Simferopol area within which performance survey of fruit plantings about their physiological condition is conducted, recommendations about dalneyyoshy care of them are issued, scientific and practical conferences after a scrap, zashhite gardens from wreckers and diseases are carried out. Individual contracts on introduction of nauchyony development are signed with the agroenterprises of Yarosvit-Agro – in branch of gardening, AOOO "Seagull" – in pitomnikovodstvo branch, by the way, in this economy the matochnik of bezvirusny stocks for an apple-tree and a pear is put, production of a bezvirusyony landing material is planned in the next years. The contract is signed with JSC Vesna of the Nizhnegorsky area for the sum of 10 thousand UAH., according to which we introduce in this economy scientific and reasonable rekoyomendatsiya on cultivation of high-intensity plantings of seyomechkovy and kostochkovy cultures. In Zarya agrofirm of the Krasnogvardeysky area takes root, according to the contract, a complex of scientific development on a laying of long-term plantings and care of them we train workers a krone formirovka, a scrap of fruit-trees. In JSC Krymskaya fruktovaya kompaniya which fruit a nasazhdeyoniya is located in the Saksky area, work on rendering of the consulting help and introduction of ours a razrayobotok in production is executed.
23 license agreements on cultivation of a landing material of selection of our station, the contract are signed with farms of the Kherson and Odessa areas, with the Ministry of AP of Ukraine for the sums of 48 thousand UAH. Besides, we cooperate with establishments of Belarus and Russia.
Let’s annually organize study pitomnikovodov. This year courses of aprobator of pitomnikovodchesky farms of the South of Ukraine in which took part were run and received diplomas of aprobator of 36 people, including 24 of AR Crimea.
Traditionally within 10 years day opened dveyory on which research associates acquaint amateur gardeners with new technologies is spent , grades, render konyosultatsionny services.
In recent years we feel big support from a prayovitelstvo of the Crimea and it, certainly, gives us confidence and hope. For more close connection of a science with production in the field of gardening we offer the following:
1. For many decades the station neposredstvenyono participated in formation of high-quality policy, podvoyny base and its structure for gardening of the Crimea. Today a posadochyony material often zavozitsya because of borders of Ukraine, owing to what in gardens of the Crimea popadaet a sorto-podvoyny combination to very doubtful prospect. In this regard, in our opinion, it is necessary to strengthen sortoyovy and fytosanitory control, being based on results of isyosledovaniye of scientists-gardeners.
2. For the purpose of increase of efficiency target a finansirovayoniya of farms from 1 % – oho fund, we consider expedient a bookmark and cultivation of fruit crops with uchayostiy scientific KOSS on the terms of hozdogovor for ensuring the technological help and introduction of modern scientific development.
3. Modern world gardening is focused on an isyopolzovaniye of the revitalized landing material for zakladki fruit plantings that allows to increase a produktivyonost of fruit plantings in 1,5-2 times. The main condition for the solution of this problem – creation of the corresponding pitomnikovodchesky base. Testing was station in this direction proyovedeno and grades are allocated and stocks of semechkovy and kostochkovy cultures free from the main viruses which it is necessary is accelerated to multiply. The state financial support is necessary for performance of this programmy at level of the Ministry of AP of Ukraine and the Crimea.
Gardens of new type should be put vysokoproduktivyony, well adapted for specific conditions of the Crimea by the grades which have passed test in scientific institutions, on Gossortouchastkakh and the grades of plants of Ukyoraina brought in the Register. We are disturbed by that circumstance that foreign grades without preliminary test under our conditions zakladyvayutsya on the big areas. Active expansion landing materiala from other countries and increase of a payment for support of otechestyovenny grades in the State registry can lead to that we will destroy the grades, the invaluable genofund, created we will not dress generation of scientists. Coordination of long-term plans of a laying of fruit plantings is necessary for carrying out taking into account scientific and reasonable territorial placement fruit kultur, together with scientists, leading experts and rukovoyoditel of farms.
It is necessary to give special attention to creation of sadozashchitny forest belts which considerably reduce negative vliyayony climatic factors by efficiency of plantings.
We consider expedient creation on the basis of Krymsadstantsiya Tsentra on professional development of gardeners of the Crimea as perspective grades here are collected, stocks and modern production technologies of fruits are applied.