In the publication recommendations about application of fertilizers at tobacco cultivation, density of its landing, cleaning and drying of leaves are made.
High-quality signs of tobacco sortotipov Amerikan and Dyubek
Tobacco is among plants which sharply react to change of conditions of a food. At application of fertilizers under tobacco they not only considerably increase productivity, but also essentially influence quality of raw materials, a chemical composition and technological properties.
One of elements of a food necessary for plants – nitrogen. The greatest need for it is shown at plants at the beginning of their growth and, especially, in accumulation of vegetative weight. At its shortcoming growth and plant development is late. At the same time at surplus in the soil of nitrogen there is an intensive growth, the contents in leaves of nicotine, proteins increases, and the content of carbohydrates decreases: commodity and smoking advantages of raw materials worsen.
Use of fertilizers under tobacco should be differentiated, i.e. doses of fertilizers should be corrected taking into account effective fertility of different types of soils, conditions of their moistening, depending on predecessors, sortotipov tobacco, taking into account the maintenance of basic elements of a food in the soil.
Efficiency of fertilizers is influenced by high-quality features of this culture. During scientific researches it is established that under the grades giving skeletal raw materials – Berley and skeletal the Americana, higher doses, than under what give high-aromatic raw materials – Dyubeki are necessary. At a unilateral plentiful food fragrance of raw materials decreases.
Amerikan and Dyubek on introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers are very sympathetic. Introduction demands them big accuracy in observance of doses and ratios of nitric and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. Violation at introduction of recommended doses, especially nitric fertilizers, can sharply worsen quality of raw materials (the high content of nicotine, low – soluble carbohydrates). High doses of nitric fertilizers extend vegetation, and, therefore, and maturing of the leaves of averages most valuable on quality and the top circles. In this case non-uniformly there is a process of ripening of a plate of a leaf, and after drying on it there are red-brown spots.
In the conditions of a foothill zone of the Crimea, on the southern carbonate chernozem, an optimum dose of nitric fertilizer under tobacco sortotipa Amerikan and Dyubek is N30-45 of the kg/hectare which is not worsening quality of production.
It is possible to use various forms of nitric fertilizers since against phosphorus-potassium they by the efficiency are almost equivalent (with some advantage of ammoniac saltpeter). Nitric fertilizers are recommended to be brought in the spring since nitrogen is easily washed away from the soil and at disembarkation of sprouts (top dressing). In the spring, before landing, fertilizers bring in disorder and close up on depth 10-12 see.
The phosphorus-potassium bring since autumn but if in this time for any reasons didn’t bring, it is necessary to bring them in the spring under the first and second cultivation zyabi though the effect from it will be slightly lower.
From phosphoric fertilizers for tobacco the best superphosphate, for the southern carbonate chernozem in dose R90 of kg/hectare, and from potash is recommended to use the fertilizers which are not containing chlorine, for example, sernokisly potassium. Potash salt can be brought only under zyablevy plowing in dose K75 of kg/hectare.
Density of landing
Disembarkation of sprouts of tobacco in the field begin, when passes danger of frosts and the soil temperature not below 100S will be established. Such temperature in the conditions of the foothills of the Crimea usually comes in the second half of April.
Data of the researches which have been carried out by laboratory of an agrotechnology of KOST, show that early terms of landing provide more big crops with high quality of raw materials. Late landing is the share of droughty weather owing to what the sprouts slowly take roots, much it perishes, more often plants are ill, owing to what quality of tobacco raw materials worsens. Late landings conduct to later maturing of tobacco leaves because of what quite often most valuable part of a crop – the top leaves – under the influence of autumn frosts perishes.
It is established that with increase in density of landing at each plant the smaller area of a food, smaller amount of moisture and nutrients is necessary. To Zagushchennye landings promote some improvement of quality of raw materials since leaves in this case turn out more gently, more elastically, and contain less nicotine and proteins, however at too zagushchenny landing tobacco turns out empty. Reaction of this plant to change of density of landing in a bigger measure is connected with features of a grade, the soil and other factors of the environment in which it is grown up.
In the conditions of a foothill zone of the Crimea the laboratory of cultivation of IVIV Magarach tobacco was engaged in studying of the various areas of a food of this plant. During 2000-2005 experiments for the purpose of determination of the optimum areas of a food of new grades sortotipov Amerikan and Dyubek were made.
Results of the carried-out researches allow to draw the following conclusions. In the Foothill zone of the Crimea for grades sortotipov Amerikan and Dyubek in the best area of a food it is necessary to consider 70×17 cm with density of standing of 65-70 thousand plants on hectare. This density gives more big crop and improves quality of raw materials.
For sortotipa Dyubek density of landing can be and is slightly higher, the distance between plants should make 10 cm, and between ranks – 50 see.
In production tobacco landing is carried out now by cars.
It is necessary to adhere thus to the following rules:
1) sprouts to land only tempered, healthy, with well developed root system, in the presence of 5-6 leaflets and length of a stalk of 12-14 cm from a root neck till the end of the extended leaves;
2) to land sprouts on sufficient depth, but not to allow, that the point of growth of a plant was covered with earth and filled in with water;
3) a root in a hole to lower vertically that it wasn’t bent, and accurately to press the earth;
4) the damp earth round the landed sprouts to cover with the dry earth.
For receiving big crops of tobacco with high quality the correct postlanding agrotechnology of cultivation of this culture has great value. Care of it in the field usually consists of the following main agrotechnical receptions:
1) interrow processing of the soil;
2) erasures;
3) vershkovaniye and pasynkovaniye;
4) pest control and diseases.
Cleaning and drying
The withdrawal pains of tobacco should be carried out with approach of a technical maturity of leaves on circles.
Number of withdrawal pains at sortotipa Dyubek – 5-7, sortotipa Amerikan – 4-5. It is impossible to allow perezrevaniye of leaves, their cleaning in an unripe condition, simultaneous cleaning of several circles. The general signs of a technical maturity for all grades: posvetleny plates of a leaf, emergence of a bugristost, ease of an otlamyvaniye from a stalk, a posvetleniye of the main vein, etc. though each botanical grade has also some signs of maturing.
To begin withdrawal pains of the 1st circle it is recommended, without expecting a technical maturity of leaves, especially at cultivation of grades sortotipa Dyubek.
The subsequent withdrawal pains carry out strictly in a phase of a technical maturity, without assuming cleaning of immature leaves that conducts to reduction of an assimilyatsionny surface of plants, detains growth and development of all plant and building of leaves by it. It reduces a crop and quality of received raw materials. The withdrawal pains are made at morning and evening o’clock, when leaves elastic. In cloudy days it is possible to carry out withdrawal pains and in the afternoon.
The broken leaves accurately stack and transport to a place are low.
Nanizyvaniye them on cords is led directly after withdrawal pains.
At are low tobacco should to be met the following conditions:
a) not to mix leaves of different withdrawal pains;
b) separately to string the leaves affected with diseases and with mechanical defeats;
v) to observe the correct density of a nanizyvaniye depending on a circle of leaves, their size, etc.;
g) leaves on a cord should be located from each other for the thickness a chereshka. Immature and overripe string on a cord less than the technically mature.
Drying of tobacco begins with languor of leaves. For grades sortotipa Dyubek and Amerikan is considered the end of languor, when the sheet plate will turn yellow on 1/4 or on 1/3, and on other part the posvetleniye with weak signs of the beginning of a pozhelteniye is observed.
Approximate term of languor for sortotipa Dyubek – 1 day, for sortotipa Amerikan – 1-2 days. Term depends on a grade, withdrawal pains, the size of leaves, maturity degree, a weather condition etc.
As the main method of drying of tobacco in the Crimea consider solar at which cords are hanged out on drying adaptations and are dried up on the sun before complete drying not only a leaf plate, but also an average vein and a chereshka.
The dried-up tobacco acts in film from drying adaptations carefully not to allow breakages and loss of leaves. In dry weather it becomes early in the morning.
Melkolistnye grades of tobacco communicate in gavanka on 4 cords together. Tobacco in gavanka is suspended in a shed on withdrawal pains.
To store it it is necessary in the conditions excluding damage and damage.
Concerning acquisition of seeds and consultations on cultivation to address to the address: page. Tobacco, the Bakhchsarai area, Shkolnaya St., 6-and, bodies in Bakhchisarai. 98-3-46.
N. ROGATCHYOV, candidate of agricultural sciences, V. ILYUKHIN, Grapes and Magarach Wine institute.