In article recommendations how it is correct to grow up raspberry in a steppe zone of Ukraine are made. Biological features of culture are specified. Agrotechnology rules are opened.
Climatic conditions of the South of a steppe zone of our country are insufficiently favorable for receiving big crops of berries of raspberry because of a considerable lack of moisture of the soil and an air drought
Climatic conditions of the South of a steppe zone of our country are insufficiently favorable for receiving big crops of berries of raspberry because of a considerable lack of moisture of the soil and an air drought. On the average in a year here drops out from 350 to 450 mm of a precipitation. Their distribution is characterized by considerable fluctuations for a year. It leads to violation of optimum conditions of a vlagoobespecheniye of plants. Therefore to grow up raspberry in gardens of the southern regions of the country it is possible only with irrigation application.
BIOLOGICAL FEATURES
Raspberry belongs to semi-sectional yagodnik with the long-term korneotpryskovy system, one – and two-year elevated stalks. The underground part of a bush consists of a rhizome – an underground stalk and lateral additional roots. The bulk of roots takes place on depth of 30-40 cm and only separate reach depth 80-90 see. On a rhizome and backs in June-July kidneys start to be formed. And till the end of summer escapes which in the spring of the next year restore the growth grow from them and appear on a surface. Their growth at length and thickness most intensively passes in June and comes to an end in September. Together with growth of escapes on them obrazovyvayutsya leaves and kidneys.
Under normal conditions kidneys in a year of education don’t sprout. And only at remontantny grades of raspberry on the top part of escapes obrazovyvayutsya fruit branches which at the end of summer – an early autumn yield a harvest.
On the second year of life escapes don’t grow at length and thickness. Fruit branches grow from kidneys on them. Flowering and maturing of fruits at raspberry begins from the top part of escape, passing then to average and bottom parts. A flower bisexual, self-pollinated, but raspberry gives more big crops at cross-pollination when on a site some grades grow. After fructification two-year stalks dry up.
Plantings of raspberry give big crops for 12-15 years. Then it is necessary to replace them new.
LAYING OF THE PLANTATION OF RASPBERRY
On sublime places where moisture doesn’t suffice, raspberry grows badly, gives poor harvests. In lowlands with the increased humidity of the soil she is ill hlorozy, roots develops poorly, obrazovyvaetsya there are not enough replacement escapes.
Well grows and this culture on friable lungs rich with nutrients on mechanical sostavupochvax fructifies. Best of them – average and light well trained loams with a large supply of moisture, a humus, available elements of a mineral food, RN – 5,8-6,7. Level of ground waters should be not closer than 1-1,5 m.
Raspberry well develops on chernozems usual and southern, on dark-chestnut soils. On the difficult clay – grows and fructifies badly, and boggy, limestones, saline and dry sandy soils with a deep zaleganiye of podpochvenny waters in general are unsuitable for this culture.
Raspberry cultivation on personal plots has the features. They depend on the sizes of a site, cultures which grow near it, such as soil etc. Choosing a place under this culture, it is necessary to consider its ability to form a large number of sprouts, need for good lighting and a food, and also drought resistance and winter hardiness of a grade. It is best of all to take away under it sites which are protected from dominating winds by trees, buildings, a fence. To place raspberry expediently separate massif or along a fence on site border, isolating it from plants which have with it the general wreckers and an illness. For prevention of defeat of raspberry by harmful soil microflora, in particular activators verticileoza, it is not recommended to place it on sites where predecessors were potatoes, ovoshchebakhchevy cultures. It is impossible to grow up raspberry in row-spacings of fruit-trees, it considerably worsens its light, water-air and nutritious mode, and formation of numerous sprouts complicates care of fruit-trees. It is impossible to apply also the general means of pest control and diseases as yadoximikaty and terms of their use at raspberry and fruit-trees not always coincide.
It is better to Malines to sit down in the autumn (in October), in 15-20 days prior to soil freezing, or in the spring, in the first week of the beginning of field works.
At tape placement its bushes in the first 2-3 years after landing obrazovyvayut the continuous strip which width shouldn’t exceed 50 see. For collective gardens it is possible to recommend such way of placement: 1,8-2 m between ranks and 30-35 cm between plants. For landing it is necessary to take the one-year, ripened, healthy saplings which have 2-3 well developed roots, length not less than 10 cm, with root lobes and elevated escape in thickness at a basis not less than 8-10 mm. Before landing the damaged roots cut off to a healthy locality, and too long – moderately shorten. Roots dip in the earth talker. Put raspberry under a shovel, having stretched along a row a cord. Depth of landing of plants should be same on what were zaglubleny uterine plants. In a landing time backs level, watch, that they weren’t turned in, the earth well trample down. After landing of planting it is necessary to water, at the rate of one bucket of water on 3-5 plants depending on humidity of the soil and weather conditions. After watering of landing it is necessary zamulchirovat a humus layer the in thickness of 5-6 cm and to cut off an elevated part of plants at soil level.
The vast majority of grades of raspberry – being self-impregnated, but self-pollination considerably reduces percent zavyazi and size of fruits compared with cross-pollination. For providing big crops and improvement of commodity qualities of berries it is necessary to put raspberry 2-3 plantations the best grades for this district. In experiences on irrigated sites of a pilot farm to "Mel_tpolska" Novokita§vsk’s grades, Kuzmin, Malboro’s News, Rubin were best.
CARE OF PLANTS
Throughout vegetation in the first and the next years after landing the soil in a raspberry brake should be contained in the loosened and pure condition from weeds. About plants it process superficially not to damage root sprouts. In the spring of the second year cut out the weak and damaged escapes. In strips leave the strongest escapes at distance about 20-25 cm one from another. The frozen slightly tops cut off at level of the intact part with well developed kidneys.
Raspberry extremely sensitively reacts to introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers. Humus introduction even on fertile lands gives a gain of a crop of 15-20 %. Before raspberry landing under a plowed land bring on 30-40 t/hectares of organic fertilizers, and also mineral. On chernozems usual and southern heavy loams it is necessary to bring: phosphoric fertilizers on 60 kg/hectares of of century and potash – on 45 kg/hectares of of century.
In the first two years after landing raspberry feed up in the spring in two terms only nitric fertilizers, at the rate of 60 kg/hectares of of century. In the conditions of an irrigation introduction of mineral fertilizers connect with waterings. It is especially important to feed up raspberry fertilizer together with irrigation water after flowering. On the third and the next each 2-3 years for ensuring normal growth and receiving a big crop under culture introduce organic fertilizers on 25-30 t/hectares. The next years it is necessary to bring full (N, R, To) mineral fertilizer from calculation on 60 kg/hectares of of century of each element. Because of low level of security of the soil nutritious elements norm of mineral fertilizers increase to 90 kg/hectares, and in case of high security – reduce to 45 kg/hectares of of century.
Recently in a distribution network there were water-soluble complex fertilizers which at cultivation are better for bringing raspberries with irrigation water: Akvarin No. 5 (N:P:K = 18:18:18), Rastvorin B-1 (18:18:18) and Nitroamofoska (15:15:15). On sandy and sandy soils which are poorly provided with nitrogen and potassium, it is necessary to apply such water-soluble complex fertilizers, as Terafleks-s (17:7:21); Terafleks-r (18:6:19), Kristalon white (15:5:30) and Kristalon blue (19:6:20).
In the southern regions of the country of substantial increase of productivity and increase in the sizes of berries reach watering. Need for water especially high in formation and maturing of berries, and in the second half of summer soil moisture should provide good ripening of escapes and a laying of flower kidneys on the crop’s eve of the next year. Therefore during flowering and fructification of plants humidity of the soil should be supported at level of 80 % of NV, and during the postharvest period – 70 % of NV. Malines needs to water not less, than 4-5 times in such terms: before flowering, at the beginning of formation and maturing of berries, after harvesting and in the autumn. At each watering it is necessary to give on running meter of a strip of 25-30 l of water. Watering as usual carry out overhead irrigation or on superficial furrows not to damage roots of plants. Also drop irrigation which increased productivity of plantings for 15-25 % showed good results. For reduction of losses of moisture by evaporation after each watering after a podsykhaniye it is necessary to loosen the soil.
In blooming of kidneys against a purple spottiness, antraknoza, septorioza and other diseases it is necessary to carry out spraying by a 1 percent bordoskoyzhidkost.
Before flowering against a malinny bug, weevils and plant louses of planting are sprayed Aktellik, by 50 % k.e. (0,6 g/l). After harvesting cut out, without leaving penkov, and burn all plants which otplodonosili, and also the underdeveloped, dried-up escapes damaged Galicia, and carry out spraying by a 1 percent bordoskoyzhidkost. In the presence of wreckers of planting spray Aktellik with the same norm of an expense of a preparation.
In the autumn, after foliage subsidence, a raspberry plantation once again spray 3 percent bordeaux liquid.
In the conditions of the southern Steppe of Ukraine to gather raspberry begin in the third decade of June. Depending on high-quality features and weather conditions harvesting lasts 20-35 days. Pick berries in a full maturity, as a rule, each 1-2 days in small container (baskets, a sieve) spaciousness of 1,5-2 kg. It is impossible to pour berries from one container into another, to collect wet or overripe. It is necessary to send the picked berries immediately on realization, an okhlazhdeniyeilipererabotka.
M of Gorbach, senior nauchnyysotrudnik, candidate of agricultural sciences;
T.Pozdnyakov, S. Pozdnyakov, research associates, Institute of irrigated gardening of M.F.Sidorenko UAAN, Melitopol.