In this article the concept of elimination of an ambrosia in the territory of Ukraine is stated. Ways and ways of the solution of this problem are shown. The Program date of performance till 2010 is specified
The CONCEPT ON AMBROSIA ELIMINATION by POLYNOLISTNA IN the TERRITORY of UKRAINE for 2005-2010
The concept of its elimination in the territory of Ukraine for 2005-2010
Among the major tasks facing agricultural production, concerning productivity increase, restriction of number of weeds, and especially quarantine, in the territory of Ukraine is.
In recent years, in connection with decrease in the standard of farming, in the territory of Ukraine the quarantine organism – an ambrosia polynolistny widely extended that displays the general deterioration of ecology. The areas littered with this quarantine weed in the Autonomous Republic Crimea, the Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Zaporozhye, Kirovograd, Lugansk, Nikolaev, Odessa, Poltava, Kharkov, Kherson areas, in the tseyoly make to 70-75 % of the farmland.
Developing big elevated weight, the ambrosia polynolistny is capable to force out and oppress in field conditions both cultural plants, and weeds. As a result of researches it is proved that tonny solid the ambrosia polynolistny submits for creation of one from the soil of 15,5 kg azota and 1,5 kg of phosphorus and about 950 tons of water.
Having tracked dynamics of a rasprostareniye of an amboroziya polynnolistny over the last 5 years, we have such picture:
1999 of 2000 g of 2001 2002 2003.
736610 hectares of 895907 hectares of 960439 hectares of 1015119 hectares of 1169379 hectares
As a result of a high contamination a quarantine weed and owing to an excessive siccation and exhaustion of soils the crop of agricultural cultures perishes practically for 100 %, a crop from such fields at all don’t clean. At an average contamination the crop of agricultural cultures decreases respectively: sunflower – for 40 %, corn – to 35 %. The ambrosia puts big harm to haymakings and pastures. The high contamination of long-term herbs reduces possibility of sowing them under a cover of grain crops. On the fields littered with an ambrosia, quality of field works worsens, especially during plowing and harvesting. Under favorable conditions the ambrosia reaches 2 m of height, density of shoots can reach to 5-7 thousand pieces on sq.m, and fitomassa – to 10 tons on hectare. The ambrosia polynolistny litters farmsteads and streets, personal plots, gardens, parks, kitchen gardens, waste grounds, roadsides of roads, railway embankments, coast of the rivers and ponds. On fields the ambrosia polynolistny especially litters crops of propashny cultures, winter and summer crops, long-term and annual herbs, commercial crops, and also wood strips.
Seeds of an ambrosia polynnolistny are transferred with a seed material, a waste, straw, vehicles, animals and people, is carried by water during floods, heavy rain and at an irrigation.
Reasons of fast distribution of an ambrosia polynolistny
This look has a number of biological features which give the chance to it quickly will extend in the territory of Ukraine.
Such features treat:
– high seed efficiency (80-100 thousand pieces of seeds from one plant);
– seeds of dairy and wax ripeness are capable to ripen and give high-grade shoots. The progressive tense doesn’t lose viability in the soil, providing creation considerable on the size of soil bank of seeds of this look;
– the plant has powerful root system;
– the plant is capable to maintain (till 2 weeks) flooding, creating thus additional root system;
– high regenerative ability – after cultivation a part of the plants powdered with the damp soil is inherent in a plant, create additional root system and well get accustomed. At a skashivaniye, before creation of seeds, the ambrosia gives new shoots from roots and forms viable seeds;
– the look has high plasticity to air temperature and humidity of the soil, shoots are well adapted for a high osvetlennost.
According to calculations, the sum of losses in sunflower and corn crops owing to a contamination their ambrosia polynolistny in Ukraine makes about 1680 million hryvnias a year.
Program purpose:
The Program purpose – carrying out a complex of actions for elimination of an ambrosia nolynolistny and definition of the main directions for stabilization and a likyovidatsiya of a quarantine weed for 2005-2010 in the territory of Ukraine.
The main objectives of development of the Program are:
– To pay attention of the population and the public to a problem connected with a contamination of lands by a quarantine weed;
– to hold quarantine events for elimination of a quarantine weed – ambrosias polynolistny in settlements, in fields of crop rotations, on roadsides of roads;
– to carry out restriction of number and elimination of an ambrosia polynolistny on the thrown fields;
– to carry out fight against a quarantine weed chemical, agrotechnical, mechanical and others, by methods which should will be applied at the same time;
– to hold in all territory of Ukraine seminars and a practical training with representatives of executive authorities and agricultural producers;
– special attention to give to acquaintance with a quarantine weed in educational institutions: schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, technical schools, institutes, universities, etc.;
– on a national level to determine May by month of nation-wide restriction of number and elimination of an ambrosia polynnolistny;
– to make responsible for execution and carrying out quarantine actions against a quarantine weed the organizations, managements, the enterprise irrespective of form of ownership, public officials and the citizens which deyateyolnost is connected with production, import, export, processing, storage, realization and use podkarantikny materialov.
Comparative analysis of possible options of a solution and justification of optimum options
For achievement of the purpose of this Program it is necessary to liquidate a quarantine weed in two stages which will give the chance – to reduce its number at the first stage, to limit growth and development, and at the second stage – to liquidate it and to create conditions for immediate localization and destruction in case of the following emergence. One of optimum versions of the solution of this problem is attraction of the general public on a voluntary basis and simultaneous application of a package of measures which will reduce productivity losses from 30-40 % to 10-20 % at the first stage and to 5 % – at the second stage. As a whole at execution of quarantine actions and Programs agricultural producers will increase quality of production, will clear the soil not tolko of an ambrosia polynolistny, and and from other weeds and will receive from grown-up production on 599 million hryvnias more at the first stage, and to 1175 million hryvnias – at the second stage.
Also one of options of a solution yavlyaetsya creation artificial fitocenozov from long-term herbs in the centers of an ambrosia polynolistny. This option of fitotsenotichny control is based on ability of long-term herbs to oppress number of plants of an ambrosia till the insignificant sizes. Apply the most perspective mixes of long-term cereal herbs which, expanding for 2-3 years, almost completely oppress weeds. In low-lying places (coast of the rivers, stavkov), under condition of inadmissible application of herbicides, apply a zaluzheniye method. These sites mainly to use under pastures, thus in structure travosmesy it is recommended to use undersized cereal cultures, namely tonkonog luchny, resistant to trampling. Application of this version of the decision a problem economically as doesn’t demand additional costs of cultivation of long-term herbs. Lack of this option is that it can’t be applied at the same time on the considerable areas littered with an ambrosia polynolistny.
Ways and ways of a solution:
For the purpose of providing the balanced and complex measures of restriction of number of an ambrosia polynolistny in the next years priority value will be given to mechanical, agrotechnical and chemical methods which should be applied at the same time.
In settlements:
– skashivany ambrosias polynolistny before flowering in a butonizatsiya;
– excavation of plants of an ambrosia with roots and destruction by their burning in specially taken away places or crushing with the subsequent burial of the remains in sanitary holes with lime or manure application.
– destruction of plants of an ambrosia on the littered sites an agrotechnical method (digging up or pripakhivany soils with crushing of the vegetative remains) and the subsequent seeding on these sites of long-term undersized or gazonny herbs.
On roadsides of roads (highways and tracks):
– application for spraying of herbicides according to the List of pesticides and the agrochemicals allowed for use in Ukraine.
In fields of crop rotations (after meeting the predecessor or during the autumn and spring period):
– to adhere to technology of processing of the soil which includes timely preseeding processing of the soil, optimum terms of sowing, care of crops, harvesting;
– application for spraying by herbicides according to the List of pesticides and the agrochemicals allowed for use in Ukraine;
– to observe crop rotations, it is obligatory to sow propashny cultures and long-term herbs which should alternate. Whenever possible not to sow for three years on the infected field sunflower, corn.
– preseeding entering into the soil of herbicides with a two times kushcheniye.
On the thrown fields which completely grow (before crops, it is better during the autumn period):
– a skashivaniye of plants of an ambrosia polynolistny before flowering;
– thrice lushcheniye or disking (up and down fields) and cultivation;
– crops of long-term herbs or propashny cultures with introduction of a complex of mineral fertilizers (N, P, To).
Program dates of performance for 2005-2010
At the first stage (2005-2007) predusmatrivaetsya destruction of a quarantine weed for 30 % from all area of infection. At the second stage (2008-2010) it is provided to finish destruction of an ambrosia polynolistny to 80 %.
Expected results from Program execution.
Its realization will give the chance at the end of 2010:
– to reduce the contamination areas an ambrosia polynoslistny;
– to provide rational use of lands;
– to keep natural fertility of the soil and ecology of farmlands;
– to increase production efficiency of agricultural production.
Financial, material support and use of a manpower for implementation of the Program.
Financing of quarantine (fytosanitory) measures and the Program is carried out at the expense of means of the Government budget of Ukraine, means of persons and others, not forbidden by laws of Ukraine of sources according to addition. Implementation of the Program and carrying out quarantine (fytosanitory) actions in settlements is carried out at the expense of means of local government budgets. Reduction of the cost of soil herbicides which it is applied against kayorantinny weeds in crops of sunflower, corn and early grain, is carried out at the expense of means of special fund of the government budget of Public service of quarantine of plants of Ukraine.
Program execution on the fields thrown in connection with impossibility of their processing by owners, is carried out at the expense of means of the government budget which are listed into special accounts of local public administrations in territorial bodies of the State treasury. On other lands and the land lots execution of the Program and carrying out quarantine (fytosanitory) actions is carried out at the expense of means of land owners and land users which have the right to assignment of the losses received by it, relatively to the law and as it should be, the sizes established by Cabinet council of Ukraine, in case their property ispolzovalos for the purpose of elimination of a quarantine organism.
I.Novikova, adviser-organizer of Lenin UKO.