In the publication it is a question of features of cleaning of a rape. The most acceptable – is a separate way of cleaning since thus losses of seeds are minimum. A direct kombayniro-vaniye apply on not littered crops at a full maturity of pods and humidity of seeds of 10-15 %. In article combines for cleaning of a rape which allow the minimum losses of seeds are also offered. For cleaning and drying of seeds cleaners and drying units of national and foreign production are offered a seed.
Collect a rape in the separate way (a skashivaniye in are shaky, obmolot) or a direct kombaynirovaniye. To be defined, to what way to prefer, it is necessary to analyse weather conditions, material equipment of an economy.
Ways and cleaning terms
Harvesting carry out generally in the separate way at dry weather and the littered crops in a phase of flavovirent ripeness, using harvesters ZhVN-6, ZhRB-4,2, ZhBV-4, ZhSK-4AM, ZhNU-4, ZhBA-3,5, ZhVP-6 at humidity of seeds of 30-35 % and height of a cut of plants not less than 20-25 cm that it is shaky "lay" on an eddish for airing and a prosushivaniye of slanted weight.
Separate way of cleaning the most acceptable, as thus losses of seeds the minimum. To a rape skashivaniye in are shaky it is necessary to start when in inflorescences the bottom pods will turn yellow, and seeds in them will grow brown or will turn black. At this time about 50 % of pods of average and top circles have lemon and green coloring, and from plants the foliage starts to fall down. Delay with cleaning of dozrely pods leads to their cracking and yield losses, decrease in contents of oil in seeds. Because of incessant rains and unstable weather separate cleaning leads to considerable yield losses owing to rotting of wolves, germination of seeds, cracking of pods in the top layers of weight at its podsykhaniye and further moistening, especially during selection and obmolota.
Direct kombaynirovaniye
This way of cleaning of a rape apply on not littered crops at a full maturity of pods on all plant and humidity of seeds of 10-15 %. Thus seeds will arrive with the increased humidity and for their drying it is necessary to have well debugged tokovo-drying complex. Overripe seeds (at humidity of 9 % and below) are very much showered from reel touches, and also on border of slanted and not slanted plants. In maturing quality of seeds changes also. So, the mass of 1000 seeds reaches a maximum at humidity of 35 %, and the highest content of oil is noted at its humidity about 50 %. If to clean semennik a direct kombaynirovaniye at humidity of seeds over 15 %, quality of oil from-zanalichiya in it xrolofila worsens. Cleaning terms essentially don’t influence on vsxozhest seeds.
Yield losses when cleaning depend and on the combine. So, the Field SK-5 combine a little suitable for rape cleaning – losses reach 10 c/hectares and more. Even when sealing they make not less than 3-5 c/hectares.
Well proved on rape cleaning the Ukrainian combines of a mass production: "Lang" of the Alexandria plant and DKB "Southern" "Slavutich". The Lang combine in the unit with special prefixes and devices can thresh melkosemyanny cultures. Its molotilny chamber allows to separate with big extent of separation seeds at thresh, without allowing their travmirovaniye. The combine has highly effective system of cleaning of seeds, can carry out automatic control and quality regulation obmolota.
Losses of seeds at thresh the Slavutich combine don’t exceed 1,5 % at productivity of combines of 9-10 kg of seed weight a second. The consumption of fuel makes from 2,5 to 3 kg/t that doesn’t exceed Don-1500 combine indicators.
The smallest losses of seeds of a rape allow combines of foreign production: Sampo, Glaas, Dominator, Bizoni others which nowadays successfully master the Ukrainian fields. But it is necessary to mean that high-efficiency harvest combines need the corresponding capacity of a tokosushilny economy. Fallen down on a current of the increased humidity seeds at a delay with cleaning and drying can quickly (in some hours) to turn into albuminous and fatty weight.
Separate cleaning of a rape
Agricultural producers have meanwhile no modern tools and for separate cleaning of a rape, that is for its skashivaniye in are shaky. In farms those harvesters with which mow other cultures though on rape cleaning they don’t give necessary quality are used. So, at application shirokozakhvatny ZhVN-6 the cut-off plants badly descend from a harvester, are reeled up on its reel owing to what it is constantly hammered and is shaky keeps within non-uniformly. Such it is shaky poorly it is turned, in its lower part pods rot, and in top, under the influence of dew, a rain and the sun, fissure. Therefore when using ZhVN-6 by rape skashivaniya capture reduce half.
Obmolot wolves should be begun in 5-7 days after a skashivaniye at humidity of seeds of 10-12 % and to finish for 2-3 days. Are shaky to thresh at 600 turns of a drum in a minute, and at a direct kombaynirovaniye number of turns increase to 800. Speed of movement of the combine of 5-6 km/h.
For reduction of an osypaniye of seeds because of dry and hot weather obmolot it is expedient to carry out in the morning, in the evening and at night. At this time picking up of wolves seeds from dry pods get less enough sleep and crushed.
To accelerate maturing of seeds and to reduce intensity of defeat them causative agents of diseases (alternarioza, fomoza, gray decay, etc.), it is necessary to carry out a desikatsiya of seed crops in 7-10 days prior to cleaning by a preparation "Perlon", 20 % of century of river (water solution) at norm of its expenses – 2-3 l/hectares, and working solution at land spraying – 200 l/hectares, when aviaprocessing – 50-75 l/hectares.
For prevention of yield losses when cleaning, it is necessary to equip the SK-5 combine surely linen planchatymi sorters (PPT-3, PPT-3, And or PTP-2,4) and the GKK-5 adaptation, carefully to carry out sealing in the combine of all places where losses of seeds are possible.
Lots of seeds of a rape, which arrives from the combine to prevent from self-warming, it is necessary to clear urgently. Even short-term warming of lots leads to sharp decrease in sowing campaigns and commodity qualities of seeds.
Primary cleaning of lots carry out, as soon as seeds will arrive on a current, cars OVS-25, OVP-20A, the MANAGERS stationary zernoochistitelny units, separator K-527A10 (productions of Petkus firm, Germany) and others.
Cleaning of seeds
In the course of primary cleaning of seeds not less than 50 % of impurity should be removed at the minimum carrying out in a waste of seeds of the main culture. After primary cleaning of seeds at once to dry them for long-term storage to humidity of 8 %, for the short-term – 8-11 %.
For drying of a rape to use installations of active aeration (the podovy dryers equipped with airheaters VPT-600 or heatgenerators TAU-0,75, TG-1,5, etc.); bunkers of active aeration BV-25 and BV-40 as a part of offices OBV-100 and OBV-160; mine zernosushilka M-8I9 (Poland), T-662, T-663 (Germany).
In the absence of dryers seeds should be dried on the open areas, spreading them in a sunny weather in thickness of 5-10 cm and constantly mixing. A sowing material submit for further cleaning and sorting. To carry out secondary cleaning and sorting of seeds of a rape by cars OS-4,5A, SM-4, and also K-531/1 "Pektus Gigant", K-218 "Pektus-Selektra" with the triyerny K-533 block, the sieves completed with a set for melkosemyanny cultures.
On secondary cleaning submit a material humidity no more than 12 % and the content of impurity no more than 20 %. In the course of cleaning of loss of seeds of a rape in fraction of a waste and impurity no more than 7 % from their weight in an initial material are allowed.
In the presence of seeds of weeds (a lady’s bedstraw tenacious, a zhabriya, the bitterling berezkopodobny, peas shaggy, misheya) it is necessary to clear in addition them by special cars: pneumotables PSS-2,5, electromagnetic separators EMS-1A, K-590A (productions of Pektus firm), separators "Snake", SOM-300 cars, vibrofriktsionny separators.
For tertiary treatment of seeds of a rape from heavy separated weeds use screw separators "Snake" (for example, for removal of seeds of the bitterling berezopodobny and partially misheya), SOM-300 (partially for removal of seeds of a lady’s bedstraw tenacious, misheya).
For separation use heavy separated seed mixes of a rape of a vibrofriktsionny separator which clears is highly effective and at the same time sorts a seed material by a complex of physicomechanical properties: roughness, elasticity and form.
Process of postharvest processing of seeds comes to an end with its preseeding incrustation or a protravlivaniye for what KPS-10A cars, by PS-Yu, "Mobitoks-Cynep" and others are used.
Timely and high-quality harvesting of a rape without loss, strict observance of terms of performance of technological operations of harvest works and postharvest completion of seeds in a short time have crucial importance for increase of productivity of culture
High-efficiency harvest combines need the corresponding capacity of a tokosushilny economy. Charged a current of the increased humidity seeds can quickly (in some hours) to turn in unsuitable on anything albuminous and fatty weight.
Delay with cleaning of dozrely pods leads to their cracking, and consequently, to yield losses, decrease in contents of oil in seeds.
(On newspaper materials Agrob_znes sogodn i).