In article ways of conservation of green forages are described. Recommendations about silo application by an animal are besides made.
Preparation of forages
Siloing – one of ways of conservation of green forages which consists in a zakvashivaniye of a vegetative material organic acids (dairy and acetic), being formed in the course of a natural fermentation of the sugars containing in initial raw materials. At achievement so-called critical rN, making 4,0-4,2, there is a complete suppression of processes of the fermentation proceeding under the influence of microorganisms. However without appropriate technology according to which in established periods all technological operations (cleaning of silosuyemy weight, its crushing, fast loading in storage are carried out and sealing), it is impossible to receive a qualitative juicy forage for animals.
Process of a microbic fermentation of initial raw materials, as we know, depends on many factors: contents of solid in green material; contents in it soluble sugars; buffer capacity of plants; temperatures of a fodder monolith in the course of siloing; speeds of formation of organic acids and fall rN.
To the most desirable microflora necessary for directed process of siloing, lactic bacteria which are very quickly capable to transform available sugar to dairy acid belong and to reduce rN to 4,0-4,2 that occurs at temperature 25-280C. At more high temperature of silosuyemy weight (35-400C) activity of kolierogenny microbes which, competing with lactic for use of sugars is stirred up, produce acetic acid. The part of simple sugars can decay the most dangerous to sbrazhivaniye process by microorganisms – klostridiya that testifies to the bad technology of siloing conducting to development of putrefactive processes in a stern and accumulation of oil acid.
Optimum length are sharp a silosuyemy forage (4-6 mm) it is provided with modern kormouborochny combines in that case when knifes are rather ground and correctly established.
The silo prepared from corn, is considered first class if in it contains not less: 32 % of solid, 20 mg/kg of carotene rN – 4,0-4,2, and specific amount of dairy acid from the sum of organic acids make about 2 %, acetic 0,3-0,6 %, and oil – no more than 0,1 %. The silo of a second class contains on the average for 16 % less nutrients, the third – for 32 %, than a silo of the first class.
The high-quality silo without application chemical preservative and microbiological ferments can be received only from raw materials in which the content of sugar equals or exceeds for 20-30 % concentration of a protein, and humidity of initial weight fluctuates within 65-70 %.
At silo preparation with higher humidity (75-80 %) losses of nutrients as a result of conditions at which development of butyrate microflora becomes more active increase, and also losses (to 7 %) with following juice take place. Therefore when siloing it is superfluous damp herbs it reduce by a podvyalivaniye of initial weight or addition of straw in number of 10-15 % from total of silosuyemy raw materials.
For the purpose of the fastest termination of respiratory processes of vegetative cages, decrease in development of aerobic fungi and bacteria as soon as possible isolate the made fodder weight from air access at what the specified operation is provided, first of all, with a way of daily laying of a layer in thickness no more than 1 m at a careful trambovka. The fodder storage should be filled no more, than in 3-4 days. A surface of a fodder monolith cover a polymeric film which nestles the earth, straw bales, etc.
The technology of preparation of the combined silo is applied to receiving more high-grade forage. At its preparation recognize that in 1 kg of a forage there should be not less than 0,25 fodder units, 20-25 g of a perevarimy protein, 15-20 mg of carotene.
Development example that effective introduction such kombisilosa is a way patented by the Crimean institute of agroindustrial production (the patent No. 38050 A, Ukraine). The forage intends for increase of full value of diets of dairy cattle for the purpose of more complete realization of genetic potential of animals on efficiency and reproductive qualities. As showed researches, its regulated use increases quality of milk, reduces costs of forages of a unit of production, increases profitability of branch at the expense of use in this technology of high-yield sorgovy crops.
One of effective ways of improvement of quality of a silo is chemical conservation of the green material which application when siloing allows to reduce activity of processes of fermentation and, thus, partially to keep sugar in a ready forage.
Besides, application of chemical preparations allows to preserve trudnosilosuyemy plants in which the content of sugars isn’t enough for formation of the above-stated amount of dairy acid (1,9-2,0 %).
Doses of introduction of chemical preservatives depend on a type of silosuyemy raw materials and applied preservative (tab. 1).
Doses of introduction of chemical preparations during the siloing, kg/t
For introduction of chemical preservatives sprayers ON-400, by POU, OVT-1 are used. Liquid preservatives before introduction are dissolved by water in the ratio 1:2 (at cool weather) or 1:4 (during the hot period). For introduction of dry poroshkopodobny preservatives the AVK-1 unit is used.
Indispensable condition at introduction of preservatives is their uniform distribution on all silosuyemy weight, its trambovka to density of 700 kg/m3 and sealing.
Skarmlivaniye of such silo is recommended to animals in 2 months after his preparation.
A.Lazarevich, doctor of agricultural sciences of the Crimean APP.