At permanent cultivation of potatoes on the same place the soil is infected with microorganisms harmful to it, becomes populated parasites and wreckers, and it slows down plant growth, causes diseases, sometimes leads to death. Therefore at cultivation of potatoes the crop rotation organization has prime value. In article options of change of places of landing on personal, country and garden plots are called, the technology preventing potatoes degeneration is given.
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Degeneration kartofelya is caused first of all by that at its besyosmenny cultivation on one place the soil inficiruetsya microorganisms harmful to potatoes (mushrooms, bacteria), becomes populated parasites (Kartoyofelny, stem, gallovy nematodes) and vreditelyami (Colorado and May bugs, bugs-shchelkunayomi and many other wreckers).
During potatoes cultivation on the infected sites of a plant slow down growth, are ill, and sometimes and perish. At sick plants productivity and quality of tubers sharply decreases. For this reason at potatoes placement from a year on the same place prime value grade change, how many protection of the soil against infection with infections and settling by her various parasites and wreckers, i.e. soil treatment has year not so much.
The good grade kartofelya over time, in 4-5 years, starts to give the lesser crops therefore it is necessary to look for new grades.
There is very well-tried and effective remedy of protection of plants – it is the crop rotation organization, i.e. return of potatoes to the previous place in 4-5 years. To organize such crop rotation where there are big land lots, in collective and farms it is not so difficult. And what to do to who for a vyrashchiyovaniye of potatoes and other cultures necessary for everyone family has only 3-4 hundred parts of the earth? On such sites the considerable part of urban population grows up vegetables, and also the considerable area takes away under potatoes.
On these sites it is necessary to organize a crop rotation. Naiyoluchshiye options of change of places of landing on priusayodebny, country and garden sites the such: 1) potatoes early ripe – cabbage – green cultures – tykvenyony – onions, garlic or
2) potatoes early ripe – a beet, carrots – cabbage – green cultures – onions, garlic. Other options are possible also. With observance such sevooborota each of cultures will come back to the previous place in five years. During this time the soil is completely cleared and revitalized.
The best results on potatoes cultivation on a site landing gives it in uzyoky beds. It allows to provide return kartofelya on the previous place in some years that sposobstvuet to considerable improvement of the soil as the earth for these years will "have a rest" under black steam. The ground for this purpose left under potatoes (on width) it is necessary razdelit on identical strips in width of 1,5 m. The length of each strip mozhetbyt different also depends on total length of the site allocated under potatoes.
In the spring on each of these strips, beginning from site edge, under a cord dig beds in width of 45 cm from the North to the south. Borders of beds designate kolyshkami which keep on these places dosleduyushhejvesny. Before spring digging up in each narrow bed neobxodimo to introduce mineral fertilizers on 9 m of length of a bed (9×0,45) 450 g nitroammofoski or azofoski, or 650 g difficult Vinnytsia ON "Khimprom" are farther some the mixed granulated fertilizer – "tuki".
Instead of difficult fertilizers it is possible to bring separately their compound: 165 g (46 %) urea, 375 g (20 %) superfosfata and 250 g (30 %) kalimagneziya on a bed in the size of 9×0,45 m. Digging up of only such narrow strips three times reduces time for preparation of a kitchen garden to landing kartofelya and amount of fertilizers.
After digging up of a bed level a rake and land in them on two numbers of the let germinate tubers at distance of 30 cm from each other and 30 cm – between ranks in chessboard order on depth of 8-10 cm, forming crests in height 10-12 see. Thus, create two parallel crests in a bed with a fillet between them depth 8-10 see. In this fillet do a little (3-4, depending on length of beds and a site slope) the crossing points dividing it into separate parts and obyorazuyushchy peculiar "troughs". These "troughs" use for application of fertilizers in vegetation in the form of water solution or, if necessary, for watering.
If in the spring for any reason of a vozmozhyonost won’t dig over these narrow beds, it is better primenit other way of landing of tubers. Thus in each hole it is necessary to introduce fertilizers ("tuki") or nitroammofosku, or separate compound these fertilizers in a koyolichestvo received by division of aforementioned quantity on quantity of holes. On a bed in length of 9 m in two ranks 60 holes (on 30 in everyone ryadu) take place. Means, on the average "tukov" it is necessary to bring in a kazhyody hole on 10-11 g, i.e. on two teaspoons, napolnenyony level with edges (650: 60= 11 g), and nitroammofoski – on 1, the 5th teaspoon, i.e. 7-8 g (450: 60= 7-8 g). Opredelivshis with quantity and volumes, further it is possible to introduce fertilizers without measurement tea lozhkami, and as speak, "approximately".
It is necessary to remember that at fertilizer introduction only in holes it is necessary for scattering on all its area and slightly to powder with earth (better a humus) or pereyognoy so that tubers had no direct contact to fertilizers. Over a humus usually put onions and garlic peel, and then on it – a tuber.
On any leaflet lying on a surface of the soil, in the morning on the bottom party it is condensed vlaga. The same occurs and on a peel that sposobstvuet to improvement of moistening of a tuber and, respectively, growth of root system and a stalk. Tubers dopolnitelyyono strew with ashes and close a layer of earth the in thickness of 6-8 cm (to 10 cm, depending on soil structure).
Fertilizers at top dressing bring half menshe, than at spring landing, in emergence vsxodov and height of plants of 3-5 cm (when it is accurate oboznachatsya ranks). Bring them in the liquid state by spraying or watering in fillets. Thus to solution it is possible dobavit 2 g of a copper vitriol on 10 l of water. Norm of a consumption of solution during spraying – 5-6 l on one hundred part. Again feed up at height of a stalk of 12-15 cm, during the first loosening and an earthing up, and the third time – at height of a stalk of 20-25 cm, during the second an okuchivayoniya. "Tuki" (325 g) or nitroammofosku (225 g) rassypayut between ranks in a bed, i.e. in a fillet, and then okuchivayut plants, forming a new fillet.
Row-spacings in width of 105 cm divide into two parts on 45 cm and between these parts fertilize the soil, prokapyvayut a strip for width of a shovel (15-20 cm), vyravnivayut and in it land a row of cabbage or sow a number of peas, haricot, a beet or others, compatible from karyotofely plants.
10 narrow beds are located on a site in width of 14-15 m (average width of a site in the area of 4 hundred parts) kartofelya on two rows in each, only 20 ranks, and 9 some other plants. At a usual, classical way of landing on this site 23 rows kartofelya (according to the scheme of 30 x 60 cm) would take place. Means, we lose nothing in number of ranks of grown-up plants.
In the middle of June or is closer to its end on a bed where early potatoes were landed, and on a site where the crop rotation is organized, after its cleaning sow mustard or others sideraty. To the middle of September these plants give a polnoyotsenny crop of seeds, sufficient to sow them in the next year all site where potatoes grew.
After potatoes cleaning from the main site, from August 15 to August 20, it completely sow with sideralny plants, and at the end of September – at the beginning of October, in period plentiful flowering, plants mow, ravnomeryono scatter on all site, including and where the crop rotation was organized, but in connection with late harvesting of cabbage, carrots and other cultures wasn’t sowed by sideralny cultures, and dig over with a layer perevorayochivaniye on depth 25-30 see. On strips where next year will land potatoes, skoshenyony sideraty display thicker layer. Thus the arrangement of the stakes defining borders of beds where potatoes were landed, doesn’t change. Koyolyshki rearrange only next spring when dig the new beds displaced on 45 cm in storonu where the earth lay fallow. And so every year.
The technology of cultivation of potatoes and other ovoshchyony cultures on narrow beds provides full svoyobodny access to plants from one and other party for processing of the soil and removal of weeds. A plant poluchayut there is a lot of sun, light, air, always are well aired and are ill less. The maximum osveyoshchennost of all bushes well influences a formiroyovaniye not so high, but the strong, well developed, strong and thick tops of vegetable. Existence of a fillet ("trough") between two ranks in a bed simplifies introduction of udobyoreniye. They get to row-spacings at distance of 10-12 cm from stalks and don’t burn a plant. At podkormke water solutions of fertilizers or watering voda doesn’t spread, and it is absorbed to the soil, humidifying a zone of placement of tubers. Time for preparation of the soil to a poyosadka of potatoes and amount of fertilizers decrease three times. Potatoes sprout quickly and its stalks a polyonost oppress growth of weeds on a bed.
And the main thing – such technology of cultivation of potatoes and other vegetable cultures, under condition of a careful vyyopolneniye of all technological actions (okuchivayony, weeding, spring and autumn digging up, etc.), promotes considerable weeding from vreyoditel and diseases, allows to receive annually vysoyoky crops, preventing potatoes degeneration.
(On magazine materials The house, a garden, a kitchen garden).